Irish Potato Famine

Colonial Legacy (Irish Potato Famine): Ireland was under English colonial rule, with English landlords owning much of the land.

Exportation of Food (Irish Potato Famine): Ireland exported food to England, contributing to food shortages during the famine.

Laissez-Faire Policies (Irish Potato Famine): The British government's limited intervention and relief efforts due to laissez-faire principles.

Death and Suffering (Irish Potato Famine): Resulted in millions of deaths and immense suffering in Ireland.

Mass Emigration (Irish Potato Famine): Sparked mass emigration, primarily to the U.S., Canada, and Australia.

Demographic Impact (Irish Potato Famine): Irish population decreased significantly, with lasting effects.

Landownership Changes (Irish Potato Famine): Accelerated changes in land ownership, impacting tenants.

Resentment and Nationalism (Irish Potato Famine): Fostered resentment and Irish nationalism against British rule.

Political Consequences (Irish Potato Famine): Led to the Irish Home Rule movement and struggles for independence.

Legacy of Suffering (Irish Potato Famine): Shaped Irish culture, literature, and memory.

Humanitarian Lessons (Irish Potato Famine): Highlighted the need for humanitarian responses during crises.

Economic Shifts (Irish Potato Famine): Affected the Irish economy, rural poverty, and land ownership.

Continued Irish Diaspora (Irish Potato Famine): Left a mark on the Irish diaspora, influencing the Irish identity worldwide.

Easter Rising + Consequences

Date (Easter Rising + Consequences): The Easter Rising was an Irish republican insurrection against British rule that began on April 24, 1916, in Dublin.

Rebel Groups (Easter Rising + Consequences): It was composed of the Irish Volunteers and the Irish Citizen Army, which was composed of Dublin workers after the 1913 general strike. Sinn Fein also supported the uprising.

Original Scope (Easter Rising + Consequences): Originally intended to be nationwide, the arrest of a leader led to its cancellation, but others proceeded.

Declaration (Easter Rising + Consequences): During the rising, rebels seized strategic points in Dublin, and at one of these locations, a proclamation declaring the Irish republic was read.

Suppression (Easter Rising + Consequences): British forces arrived to suppress the uprising, which resulted in street fighting that paralyzed Dublin for nearly a week.

Surrender (Easter Rising + Consequences): The rebels eventually surrendered to British authorities.

Execution (Easter Rising + Consequences): Following the uprising, British authorities court-martialed and executed many of the leaders, causing revulsion among the Irish and turning them into martyred heroes.

Republican Revolution (Easter Rising + Consequences): The Easter Rising marked the beginning of the republican revolution in Ireland and set the stage for the Irish War of Independence.

Detainees (Easter Rising + Consequences): Most of those detained were young, Catholic, and religious. Controversial courts-martial, held in secret and without defense, resulted in 90 death sentences, some of which were based on false accusations.

Public Reactions (Easter Rising + Consequences): The Dublin public had mixed reactions to the Rising, with some displaying hostility toward the Volunteers while others expressed support.

Internment Camps: (Easter Rising + Consequences) Internment camps were established, fostering nationalist activities and cohesion among internees.

Long Term Consequences

Cultural Influence (Long Term Consequences): English language, Protestantism, and customs gradually became dominant, marginalizing traditional Irish language and culture.

Religious Tensions (Long Term Consequences): English colonisation exacerbated religious tensions, creating a divide between the Protestant minority and the predominant Catholic.

Land Ownership and Plantations (Long Term Consequences): English policies led to the dispossession of Irish landowners and large-scale land confiscations, transferring land to English and Scottish settlers.

Famine and Poverty (Long Term Consequences): The exploitation of Irish resources, including agriculture, resulted in poverty and famine. The Great Famine was exacerbated by English policies.

Migration and Diaspora (Long Term Consequences): Colonisation, poverty, and famine led to mass emigration, creating a global Irish diaspora.

Political Division (Long Term Consequences): The division between Irish nationalists seeking independence and unionists loyal to the British Crown led to the partition of Ireland and the creation of Northern Ireland.

Struggles for Independence (Long Term Consequences): English colonization and repression fueled Irish desires for self-determination, contributing to the Easter Rising of 1916, the Irish War of Independence, and the establishment of the Irish Free State.

Legacy of Conflict (Long Term Consequences): The conflict between unionists and nationalists continued beyond independence, resulting in the Troubles and a legacy of division and tension.

Economic Development Disparities (Long Term Consequences): The effects of colonization persisted in economic disparities between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland, with Northern Ireland experiencing industrialization and the Republic facing underdevelopment and economic challenges.

Cultural Revival (Long Term Consequences): In the 20th century, there was a resurgence of interest in Irish language, literature, and culture.

Ways British Empire controlled India:

Divide and Rule Policy (Divide and Rule): A British policy used to create divisions among different groups. particularly Hindus and Muslims.

Promotion of Violence (Divide and Rule): Resulted in the separation of religious communities, leading to violence.

Desire for Independence (Divide and Rule): The policy fuelled the people's desire for independence.

Maintaining Crown Control (Divide and Rule): The British Crown aimed to maintain control over India.

Easier Control (Divide and Rule): Smaller, divided groups were considered easier to control.

Partition of Bengal (Divide and Rule): Created divisions between Hindus and Muslims in cultural and governance aspects.

Creation of Pakistan (Divide and Rule): Led to the establishment of an Islamic state, Pakistan.

Importance of English (Education): British rulers included English in India's education, government, and policies.

Selective Teaching (Education): English was selectively taught to a portion of Indian society which restricted their access to history and knowledge of their oppression.

Caste System (Caste System): A social hierarchy system in India.

Segregation by Caste (Caste System): The British segregated Indian people based on their caste to create social divisions.

Legal Acknowledgment (Caste System): They made the caste system a legally acknowledged concept.

Discriminatory Laws (Caste System): Laws were enacted to prohibit lower-ranked individuals from participating in certain activities.

Economic Inequality (Caste System): The caste system resulted in economic disparities.

Generational Poverty (Caste System): Discrimination based on caste led to poverty passed from one generation to the next.

Discriminative Violence (Caste System): The caste hierarchy fuelled discriminative violence.