Chapter 7 world history test
Invaders of the byzantine empire(when)- 6th century- threats from Arabs and Sassanids- 7th century faced threats from Slavs/Bulgars and Turks- all groups threatened capital city of Constantinople
King clovis- united the Frankish people into a kingdom- converted to roman Catholicism
Mayor of palace/major domo- means head of household- most powerful position in the Frankish kingdom during the rule of Merovingians
Charlemagne- Charles the great- greatest of Carolingians rulers- expanded the Frankish kingdom into an empire- crowned emperor of western Rome
Charlemagne's achievements- expanded Frankish kingdom- by defeating avars, Saxons, conquering Lombards kings of N. Italy- took territory from Muslims in Spain
Middle Ages societal ideals- “those who fight, those who pray, and those who work”- fight- knights/elite- pray- clergy/monks- work- peasants/serfs
Hagia Sophia- be able to recognize building- built by Justinian- name means divine wisdom
Carolingian renaissance- brought scholars to court of Charlemagne to study- lead to development of romance languages- established “scriptoria” or writing rooms for the copying of classical manuscripts and study- founded cathedral schools for education of church clerics- became curriculum base for western schools
Justinian- byzantine emperor- ordered building hagia Sophia- developed Justinian code- supported by the church- promoted the greatness of byzantine empire- recovered lost territory
Justinian code- law code- AKA Corpus Juris Civilis (body of civil law)- developed from roman law- became the basis of European law codes
9th and 10th century invaders- Magyars- Muslims- Vikings
Vandals- ruled north Africa- based in the city of Carthage
Visigoths- ruled in Spain- were a Christian kingdom (Arian)
Ostrogoths- ruled in Italy- controlled Rome
Map of byzantine empire- study map of byzantine empire at its peak
Pope (rise to power religious and political)- became leader of catholic church- failure of western roman government- donation of Constantine
Treaty of Verdun- ended Carolingian civil war- split the Frankish kingdom into three parts
Byzantine antisemitic ideas- found in the Justinian code- couldn't testify in court against Christians- lost civil rights- blamed for the crucifixion of Jesus- theory that Jews didn't believe in Jesus out of stubbornness
Ruralization- city populations shrank as people moved into small communities and villages
Byzantine response to invasion- divided empire into regions (themes)- regional governors- soldiers paid with land- each theme had responsibility to defend its territory
Iconoclast controversy- debate over the use of icons in Christian worship services- argument believed icons violated the 2nd commandant if the 10 commandments
Second council of Nicaea- ended the iconoclast controversy- icons used as a “guide”- worship had to focus on God
Macedonian renaissance- byzantine government and church worked together to revive the study of ancient works, literature, and learning- triggered by iconoclast controversy
Cyrillic alphabet- created to help communicate with Slavic people- used to help spread and convert the Slavic people to eastern orthodox Christianity
Byzantine population- majority economic activity subsistence farming- lived in small villages and communities- only major population Thessalonica and Constantinople
Anglo-Saxons- moved into the British Isles after roman army left
New elites in western Europe- Germanic people took as elites after fall of western Rome- became new warrior class- vandals, Visigoths, Ostrogoths, and franks
Franks- Germanic people- established kingdom in Gaul after fall of western Rome- unified by king clovis- were roman catholic
Charles Martel- military commander- first Carolingian ruler of Frankish kingdom- gained support by defeating Muslims at battle of tours and defeat of the Saxons and converting them to Christianity
Norse- pagan people that came from northern Europe- war like culture- exiled defeated enemies
Vikings- Norse people turned to raiding and piracy- northern parts of western, central, and eastern Europe
Success of Vikings- Vikings long boats- western European kingdoms were weak and fractured by civil wars- long boats allowed for travel up rivers
Muslim raiders- attacked southern Europe from north Africa- resources and legitimacy- wanted to control trade and commerce in the mediterranean sea
Magyars- nomadic people from central Europe- moved into eastern Europe- established Hungary
Results of European invasions- thousands killed/enslaved- created new trade networks across mediterranean and North Sea- created new stronger states in Europe (England and east Francia (Germany))
The invasions also led to significant cultural exchanges, as different peoples interacted and adapted to the influences of one another, ultimately shaping the future of European societies.