Ways of the World Chapter 1

Before 1200: Patterns in World History

1.  From the Paleolithic Era to the Age of Agriculture

   1. Homo sapiens emerged about 300,000 years ago in regions of Africa

   2. By 1200 nearly every major land mass excluding Antarctica had human presence

   3. Human history begins with the  Paleolithic era  also known as the Old Stone Age which represents 95 percent of the amount of time humankind has occupied the planet

      1. Paleolithic people formed small scale societies of 25-50 people

      2. This groups were very mobile and nomadic and depended on wild plants and animals

      3. Life expectancy was very low(35 years) and population growth was slow

      4. Cultural creativity was reflected in cave paintings and sculptures.

   4. This period of time was followed by the Agricultural Revolution.

      1. This process unfolded separately in Asia, Africa and the Americas

      2. It was highlighted by the deliberate cultivation of plants and the taming and breeding of animals 

      3. It directly lead to growing populations, settled villages, and a boom of technological innovation

      4. In areas where farming was difficult, nomads who made up pastoral societies relied on domesticated animals(sheep, goats, horses, camels) to harvest meat hide and for transport and warfare.

      5. These societies were prominently found in Asia and parts of Africa.

      6. There was often conflict between nomadic herders and their farming neighbors as pastoral societies were attracted to the wealth of agrarian societies and sought access to their rich farming lands.

      7. there also a cured a peaceful exchange of ideas that enriched both societies

      8. permanently settled farming villages were another kind of society to emerge from the agricultural revolution

      9. In some cases agricultural village societies would be organized politically as chiefdoms in which positions of power would be inherited

2. Civilizations

   1. The earliest civilizations emerge Mesopotamia Mesopotamia, egypt, and in areas of Peru

   2. By 1200 a considerable majority of humankind will live in one or another of the civilizations

   3. Defining civilizations

      1. Civilization refer to societies based it in cities and governed by states

      2. Civilizations were a direct product of the agricultural revolution because only a productive agricultural economy could support a society in which many people did not produce their own food

      3. Civilizations lead to states, governing structures organized around cities and territories that were usually controlled by kings or other ranked officials

      4. Civilizations created many different kinds of occupations: scholars, merchants, priests, officials, scribes, soldiers, etc.

      5. Gender equality worsened as the patriarchy took hold and ideas of male superiority were spread in the values of almost all civilizations

      6. Civilizations were accompanied by artistic, scientific, and technological innovation ex:

         1. Chinese bureaucracy and silk products, gunpowder

         2. Islamic advances in mathematics, medicine, astronomy

   4. Civilizations and the Environment

      1. Civilizations tend to be shaped by the environment in which they developed

      2. Larger populations lead to intensive agriculture which would leave a bigger impact on the landscape

      3. Rigorous irrigation in southern Mesopotamia lead to white soil by 2000 BC E

      4. Other examples followed around the world such as extensive deforestation and soil erosion

   5. Comparing Civilizations

      1. Civilizations differed and how their societies are structure

      2. For example Chinese civilization give the highest ranking to an elite Barack receive that was selected based on their performance in examinations

      3. India social system give priority to religious status and it forbid members of different castes to join together

      4. Slaves were generally at the bottom of all social hierarchies

      5. The patriarchy was also a common component in the social life of all civilizations but it did vary from place to place

      6. And example would be the difference between the patriarchy of Athens to that of Sparta

      7. Civilizations also differed in the range and extent of their influence

3. Civilizations and Cultural Traditions

   1. Cultural traditions were important in providing a common identity for civilizations

   2. Cultural differences made inequalities legitimate but those inequalities also lead movements that challenged those in power

   3. Religion enabled millions to justify their suffering and helped many give meaning to the difficult lives they lead

   4. South Asian Cultural Traditions

      1. Hinduism is the oldest and most prominent religion in India

      2. Unlike Christianity and Islam, Hinduism had no founder and developed as an integral part of Indian civilization

      3. Hinduism did not seek converts but was instead associated with a particular people and territory

      4. Hinduism consisted of a vast amount of gods, spirits, beliefs, practices, and rituals

      5. The Upanishads were a series of texts written between 800 and 400 BCE and were in summary, a unified understanding of reality itself from the point of view of Hinduism

         1. A fundamental understanding of this philosophy was that the individual human soul was part of the Brahman and that the chief goal of humankind was to achieve union with Brahman

         2. This goal was achieved through living many lifetimes through reincarnation

         3. The law of karma said that the actions in one lifetime would determine the station of life of the next lifetime

   5. South Asian Cultural Traditions: Buddhism

      1. Buddhism emerged at around the same time philosophical Hinduism was emerging

      2. The founder, Siddhartha Gautama, was a prince from a small kingdom in north India

      3. After an encounter with human suffering, he set off on a quest for enlightenment in which he became the Buddha,  the man who had awakened.

      4. In summary, he believes that suffering was a direct result of desire and that in order to live a peaceful life, one had to pronounce human weakness and desire in order to reach nirvana

      5. While Buddhist teaching did reflect some Hindu traditions such as karma and rebirth, it also sharply challenged the idea of God as well as the Hindu based caste system

      6. Theravada Buddhism portrayed the Buddha as a wise teacher but not divine

      7. Mahayana Buddhism later developed and offered a greater accessibility to a spiritual path

      8. Original Buddhism had put a premium on spiritual wisdom, while this later development believed enlightenment was available to everyone

      9. Mahayana Buddhism took root in Central Asia, China, Japan, Korea, southeast Asia, and elsewhere, becoming the first major tradition to spread widely outside of its homeland

      10. Tibet Buddhism gave special authority to teachers known as Lamas and emphasized an awareness of death as well as preparation for death

      11. By 1200 Buddhism had almost vanished from India but was expanding in other parts of Asia

      12. This is largely a result of the bhakti movement which involved devotion to several of India’s many gods and goddesses.

          1. It began in South India and begin moving northward between 600 and 1300 CE

          2. The most popular deities were Vishnu (protector and preserver of creation) and Shiva (represented the Divine)

          3. Bhakti practice outlined that through good deeds, simple living, and rituals of devotion individuals could find salvation

   6. Chinese Cultural Traditions: Confucianism

      1. Confucianism derived from Confucian, a learned aristocrat who believe that in order to reach social and political harmony respect had to be applied to unequal relationships ex: father and son, husband and wife, the older brother and younger brother, ruler and subject

      2. He believed the key was education specifically language, literature, philosophy, and ethics

      3. Ritual and ceremonies were also important because they conveyed the rules of appropriate behavior

      4. Confucianism became the official ideology of the Chinese state by the Han dynasty which was around 200 B.C.E.

      5. Confucianism establish certain expectations for superior parties: emperors should keep taxes low administer justice and provide for the people or else natural disaster, famine, or rebellion would follow

      6. This translated to the level of family: husbands to deal kindly with their wives and children in order to not provoke conflict in disharmony. 

      7. Confucius did not deny the reality of gods and spirits but told his followers to conduct family and state rituals as if the spirits were watching

   7. Chinese Cultural Traditions: Daoism

      1. Daoism ridiculed the efforts of Confucianism and urged withdrawing into the world of nature and encouraged behavior that was spontaneous, individualistic, and natural

      2. Emphasized simplicity in living, small self-sufficient communities, limited government, and the abandonment of education

      3. Elite Chinese believe that Taoism complemented Confucianism, an outlook that was facilitated by the ancient Chinese concepts of Yin and Yang

      4. Thus, one might pursue Confucianism during the day but behave in a more Daoist fashion in the evening

   8. Middle Eastern Cultural Traditions: Judaism and Christianity 

      1. Judaism, Christianity and Islam are often known as Abrahamic Faiths because all of them believe in the biblical character called Abraham.

      2. All also affirmed a distinctly monotheistic face with an idea of a supreme deity or divine presence

      3. The earliest of these traditions was Judaism which was born among the Hebrews, also known as Jews

      4. They believe in a God who was a powerful and jealous deity who commanded their exclusive loyalty

      5. They also believed in Jewish prophets such as Isaiah, Amos, and Jeremiah

      6. Jesus of Nazareth began a small career of teaching and healing before he got in trouble with local authorities and was executed. This small story which was barely noted in historical records became the basis of the world's most widely practiced religion.

      7. Jesus inherited from his Jewish tradition an intentional devotion to a single personal deity, with whom he was on intimate terms referring to him as father.

      8. Jesus’ teaching had a sharp social and political edge because he spoke on the behalf of the poor and the oppressed and criticized the powerful

      9. Jesus did not intend to establish a new religion but rather to revitalize Jewish tradition, however Christianity soon emerged as a separate faith

      10. Christianity spread within the Roman empire and beyond, and it developed an elaborate hierarchical organization with patriarchs, bishops, and priests

      11. The Bishop of Rome gradually emerged as the dominant leader, or pope of the church

      12. By 600 the Christian world was geographically extensive as well as politically and theologically very diverse

   9. Middle eastern cultural traditions: Islam

      1. Islam emerged from the land of pastoral people that also contain some regions of settled agricultural communities

      2. Muhammad Ibn Abdullah was a trader from Mecca. 

      3. He was troubled by religious corruption and social inequalities and he often took periods of withdrawal into the mountains outside of the city, there he had a powerful religious experience that left him convinced that he was Allah’s messenger to the Arabs and that he was to bring the Quran down from Allah

      4. Mohammed saw himself as the last of a line of earlier prophets, Abraham, Moses, and Jesus

      5. The umma was the just and moral society of Islam that replace tribal identities where women too had an honored and spiritually equal place

      6. After Mohammed‘s death(632 CE) Islam split into the Sunni and Shia branches over a disagreement over who should succeed him.

         1. The Sunnis believed that the Caliph should be chosen through a decision by the community while Shias believed that it should be someone who was related to Muhammad 

      7. Shia muslims saw themselves as the minority and they felt that history had taken a wrong turn

      8. After 900 or so any political unity that Islamic civilization had had vanished

      9. The ulama were responsible for transmitting the beliefs and practices of Islam

         1. This included the Quran, the sayings of Mohammed, grammar and rhetorical, sometimes philosophy, theology, mathematics, medicine, and above all else law

      10. The Sufis had a different understanding of Islam and they viewed the success of Islamic civilization as a distraction and a deviation from the spirituality of Mohammed‘s time

          1. They emerged by 1000 and they represented Islam’s mystical dimension and they sought a direct and personal experience of the Divine

          2. Sufism pursued and interior life seeking to tame the ego and achieve spiritual union with Allah

      11. Sufism felt the ulama was compromised and they challenged their religious authority 

   10. Interactions and Encounters

       1. Silk Roads begin around 200 B.C.E. and were a complex system linking China and the Mediterranean world

       2. Sea Roads traversed the Indian ocean in the South China Sea and linked the diverse people living between southern China and east Africa

       3. Sand Roads linked north Africa in the Mediterranean world with the people of interior west Africa