OCC Q1
Q1W1: COMMUNICATION
Verbal (words), non-verbal (gestures)
Communicare (Latin) - “to share” or “make something common”
Process of transmitting or sharing ideas, information, thoughts, or feelings verbally (word) or non-verbally (actions) from one person to another through channels, contexts, media, and cultures (McCornack 2014 in Sipacio and Balgos 2016)
HISTORY KEME?
1940 meaning of communication is TRANSMIT
Linear, one-way
Speaker-centered
No feedback
Sender – message – receiver
1960 SHARE
Two-way
Back and forth exchange of information
1990 CREATE
We assign and convey messages
Shared understanding
Denotation & connotation
NATURE OF COMMUNICATION
Is a process
An active component to communicate in a creative or convenient methods to achieve a purpose/goal/objective
Doesn’t happen in a vacuum
As interaction
Binding people together
Connecting understanding of things
Ex. sharing opinions, apologizing, tap on the shoulder
As symbolic
Communication can be expressed through written or spoken, words, actions (non-verbal) or both spoken words and non-verbal actions at the same time.
COMMUNICATION PROCESS
Encode - convert something into code
Decode - convert something into an intelligible form
MESSAGE
any ideas, information, and opinions that makeup the content of the communication process
RECEIVER
Will filter the message or info to his frame of reference
FEEDBACK
Response of the receiver
CONTEXT
Setting (place & time), situation
5 FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION
Control Regulation - to regulate or control the behavior of people and maintain order.
Social interaction - to build and maintain social relationships and facilitate interaction.
Emotional expression - influences personal feelings or emotions
Motivation - to persuade or encourage others to act or think in a certain way.
Information dissemination - spreading of informations
Q1W2: MODELS OF COMMUNICATION
MODEL
Representation of real world phenomenon in more abstract terms that can be applied in different ways
Configuration of communication
Simplify
COMMUNICATION MODEL
Simplify the complexity of human communication process by offering a visual overview of the different aspects of communication experience
Linear
Speaker centered, no feedback
It promotes influence and advice rather than cultivating mutual understanding
It valves psychological effects more than social effects
Interactive
2 way process (di pwedeng simultaneous)
Not dynamic communication
Sender – message – receiver – feedback
Transactional
Simultaneous
feedbacks are welcome
Info clearer
ARISTOTLE’S MODEL OF COMMUNICATION
300 BC, (linear): proposed while exploring human scientifically, oldest model
A speaker-centered model that includes 5 primary elements: speaker and speech, occasion, audience, and effect.
Speaker (most crucial and active role) > speech > audience > effect
Active role: Speaker
Passive role: Listener
Rhetoric - art of effective speaking/writing (your skill in orating)
Prepared speech
3 ELEMENTS OF A GOOD COMMUNICATOR:
Ethos (credibility)
Pathos (appeals to emotion)
Logos (logic, supported by facts)
Criticisms
No feedback (communication is one way).
Noise and other barriers are absent or are not recognized
Only effective in public speaking and ads.
SHANNON-WEAVER’S MODEL
Mother of all communication models. This model depicts communication as a linear or one way consisting of 5 elements. This is because it's the first to identify noise as a barrier.
Warren Weaver and Claude Elwood Shannon: model was introduced in 1949 at Bell Labs.
PROBLEMS OF SHANNON-WEAVER’S MODEL
Technical - bad signal ( issues that affect the accuracy)
Semantic - problems that affect the meaning of the message
Effectiveness - this issue arises when the receiver doesn’t respond in the way the source wanted
TRANSACTIONAL MODEL OF COMMUNICATION
In contrast, it's a 2 way communication process with feedback being included as one element. Within the operation, the sender and the receiver have the same roles. Come up with an idea, send, and react.
Transactional: simultaneous
Interactional: one way and recognizes noise.
Benefits:
Circular communication, simultaneous feedback
Gives opportunity
All existing parties are equally important
Drawback: when non-verbal cues are given, it might not be effective. Gives opportunity for a lot of noise.
Reversal: Interchanging roles and simultaneous feedback.
HELICAL MODEL OF COMMUNICATION
(Frank E.X. Dance, 1967)
Flexible communication process. Illustrates that "communication while moving forward is the same time coming back upon itself and being affected by its past behavior.
Problem is nature.
Childhood to adult
SCHRAMM MODEL OF COMMUNICATION
Wilber Schramm proposed in 1954.
When a sender passes on the information by the receiver, he/she must interpret it in the desired form. The sender wants and gives them the feedback or responds accordingly.
Interpretation of receiver = interpretation of sender
MOSAIC MODEL OF COMMUNICATION
Sam Becker in 1954.
Explains the complexity of human communication. It consists of an immense number of fragments or bits of information on an immense number of topics.
These bits are scattered over time.
Q1W3: USES VARIOUS STRATEGIES IN ORDER TO AVOID COMMUNICATION BARRIERS
Communication is successful if and only if the messages are sent by the sender and understood.
There are three types: physical, emotional, and linguistic.
Physical: environmental factors. Internet connection, thunderstorm, typhoon, distance.
Emotional: Distrust, fear, or anxiety also affect the communication process.
Linguistic: are hindrances to communication that emerge due to language choice and use.
Other barriers – cultural, psychological, social
Five tips to avoid communication breakdown:
Use simple language.
Reduce or eliminate noise, respectively ask for their silence.
Listen actively, with understanding of what is being said.
Control emotions.
Give constructive feedback.
7CS OF COMMUNICATION
Clear: receiver should not have to "read between the lines" and make guesses on their own just to understand what you are trying to express
Concise: Successful communication. The receiver would not want you to explain in 2 hours or half an hour.
Concrete: The receiver should have a crystal clear picture of what you are talking about.
Correct: Effective communication. Your diction must fit your receiver's level of education and knowledge.
Coherent: This means all points are connected and relevant to one another. Totality and overall sense.
Complete: Has every piece of information.
Courteous: By practicing empathy or putting yourself in someone's shoe to deeply understand the other end.
Cohesion vs Coherence
Cohesion is a connection of ideas of the sentence level.
Coherence is the whole concept, understanding even if it doesn't make sense.
Q1W4: ORAL COMMUNICATION
Exchange of verbal messages with the employment if nonverbal cues.
Types of Communication:
Formal Type: Information is transmitted with the use of predefined rules.
Informal Type: Has no foundation, Sharing of information with friends/peers.
Spoken Poetry
Meant for performance and incorporates the wordplay, alliteration, and information of ancient oral traditions.
Performance art that transcends written form
Job Interview
A personal encounter between the employer and an applicant extracting vital information through questioning and answers
Time is limited and rehearses possible answers for possible questions
Telephone Conversation
Business by nature and should be practiced with courtesy.
Giving a Piece of Advice
Essential in preparing how the person would accept the options to become a better person.
Oratorical Speech
Skillful and effective public speaking (Cambridge Dictionary, 2020)
It is formal with limited movements
Art of persuading and informing
“Good speakers aren’t born, they got good with practice”
WAYS ON HOW TO IMPROVE ORATORICAL SKILLS
Grow your confidence
Use suitable content
Know your audience
Make use of your vocal range
Consider length
Memorize key points
Practice in realistic environments
Declamation Speech
Rhetoric exercise of speech to recreate a famous speech.
Less formal than Oractorical and has more free movement.
Extemporaneous Speech
Speaker may have note cards/prompts to use as a guide but they may use their own words.
Is given some time to prepare.
Impromptu Speech
Speaker does not have note cards/prompts and they are given little to no preparation.
Speech Choir
Performance group that recite discourses in union, along with choreographic and costuming elements to help bring the speech to life.
Also called “Choral Speaking” and has a history of holiness.
First plays put on by the Greeks featured speaker choirs
In the past, it’s used for sacred events only
Today, speech choir is both a common teaching and an acting form (Santillan 2004)
Has 12-100 members
Traditional - No props and costuming involved.
Dynamic - Has props and costuming elements.
Q1W5: SPEECH CONTEXT
The surroundings, circumstances, environment, background, or setting that determine, specify, or clarify the meaning of an event.
De Vito (2005) - “Context help to establish meaning and can influence what is said and how it is said.”
TYPES OF SPEECH CONTEXT
Intrapersonal
Focused on one person. The speaker acts as the sender and receiver
Message – made up of thoughts and feelings
Medium – the brain that processes what you think and feel
ex.praying
JOHARI WINDOW MODEL
Interpersonal
Communication between and among people and creates a personal relationship between and among them.
Can vary from casual and very personal to formal and impersonal.
Dyad Communication - Happens between two people, convo – intimate
Small Group - 3 to 12 people, all can freely express their ideas.
Public
Send/deliver a message to a crowd.
Can be informative/persuasive.
The channels are more exaggerated. Voice is louder and gestures are more expressive.
ex: graduation speech, recitations, campaigns, church mass
Mass Communication
TV, Radio, Newspapers, Magazines, Books, Billboards, The internet, and other types of media.
CONSIDERATION WHEN TALKING TO OTHERS
Listen carefully
Check your tone and
Body language when talking to the public.
Reminders for self-talk: Use self-talk to your advantage, Don’t overdo it.
Q1W6: SPEECH STYLES
Frozen
The most formal communication style that is usually used during solemn ceremonies and events.
ex: vows, laws, oaths, national pledges, The Preamble, school creeds.
Casual
An informal communication between groups and peers who have something to share and have shared background information.
ex: Chats, phone calls, casual conversations
Formal
A one-way straightforward speech
Speeches, meetings, interviewing, court discussions
Consultative
Used in semi-formal and standard communication
ex: Doctor and the patient
Intimate
Used in a close relationship
ex: couples
TYPES OF SPEECH: ACCORDING TO PURPOSE
Informative or Expository Speech
Mainly performed for the purpose of educating the audience on how or relevant pieces of information on a particular topic. (ex: speeches in school)
Persuasive Speech
Given solely for the purpose of convincing the audience to agree with the speaker’s opinion on a particular topic. (ex: commercials)
Entertainment Speech
Aims to share laughter and enjoyment to the audience through witty and humorous lines. (ex: comedians)
TYPES OF SPEECH: ACCORDING TO DELIVERY
Manuscript Speech
Word for word intonation using visual aids of a written message. (ex: news anchor)
Memorized Speech
Rote recitation is a written message that the speaker has committed to memory.
Extemporaneous Speech
Presentation of a carefully planned and rehearsed speech, spoken in a conversational manner.
Impromptu Speech
Presentation of a short message without advance preparation and is for people knowledgeable about the subject.
SPEECH ACTS
An utterance that a speaker makes to achieve an intended effect.
Is an act of communication.
IT IS PERFORMED WHEN:
Offering an apology
Greeting others
Asking for a request
Reporting a complaint
Sending an invitation
Giving a compliment
To refuse/refusal.
Q1W7: TYPES OF SPEECH ACTS
Locutionary Act
Actual act of uttering or saying something. Utterance of a sound, word, or phrase.
Has sense and needs for communication to take place.
Has the same meaning to the speaker and listener.
Give rise to the shared meaning when adjusted by the speaker for the listener.
“Wow?” “Hello!” “Get out!” “Doh!” (Homer Simpson)
Illocutionary Act
The social function of what is said.
The act of saying something with the intention of:
Stating an opinion, conforming, or denying something.
Making a prediction, promise, request.
Issuing an order or decision.
Giving advice or permission.
It's more fun in the Philippines. (Opinion)
I’ll help you clean the house tomorrow. (Promise)
Get my things in the office. (Order)
Perlocutionary Act
The consequent effect of what was said. Based on the particular context in which the speech act was mentioned.
Inspiring or insulting
Persuading/convincing or deterring/scaring
“We can do this. We heal and win as one!” (inspiring)
“It is crucial that we give all our collective efforts to fight against this pandemic. We must start working together.” (persuading)
“Smoking destroys your health, certain as it brings diseases, it kills – you, your loved ones, and others!” (deterring)
TYPES OF ILLOCUTIONARY ACTS
Assertive - The speaker expresses belief about the truth of a proposition.
Ex: Suggesting, Putting Forward, Swearing, Boasting, and Concluding.
“No one can love you better than I do.”
Directive - The speaker tries to make the addressee perform an action.
Ex: Asking, Ordering, requesting, Inviting, Advising, and Begging.
“ Please maintain the cleanliness of our school.”
Commissive - Commits the speaker to doing something in the future.
Ex: Promising, Planning, Vowing, and Betting.
“From this moment on, I will love you and honor you for the rest of my life.”
Expressive - The speaker expresses his/her feelings or emotional reactions.
Ex: Thanking, Apologizing, Welcoming, and Deploring.
“Thank heavens, you came to save me! I owe you my life.”
Declaration - Brings a change in the external situation. Simply put, declarations bring into existence or cause the state of affairs which they refer to.
To declare something.
Ex: Blessings, Firing, Baptizing, Bidding, Passing a sentence, and Excommunicating.
“You are hired!” : By saying that someone is hired, an employee causes or brings about the person’s acceptance to the job; consequently, this changes his external situation.