RESEARCH

• process involving systematic inquiry; done through: collecting data, documenting critical information, specific method

• written in FORMAL, CLEAR, STRUCTURED, OBJECTIVE manner

• primarily focuses upon improving quality and is a research for knowledge (kapur, 2018)

PERSUASION 

• use appeals to cite reasons, values, beliefs, emotions to convince

• LOGOS: reasons, facts, statistics

• PATHOS: emotion

• ETHOS: authority 

• TECHNIQUES:

1. REPETITION: repeating to emphasize 

   1. Ex: it’s okay not to be okay

2. OPINION: personal viewpoint 

3. HYPERBOLE/EXAGGERATION: exaggeration

4. PERSONAL PRONOUNS: unity with the audience

   1. Ex: YOU can change the world

5. IMPERATIVE COMMAND: instructional language 

6. RULE OF THREE (GROUPS OF THREE/TRIPLES): using three adjectives

   1. Ex: reuse, reduce, recycle

7. EMOTIVE LANGUAGE: make the reader feel certain emotion

8. FACTS AND STATISTICS: factual data used in persuasive way

9. RHETORICAL QUESTION: a question which implies its own answer

10. ALLITERATION: repetition of first letters

    1. Ex: sheep should shower in a shed

11. ANECDOTES: short personal stories

ADVOCACY

• set of actions set to draw community’s attention to an issue and to direct policy makers to a solution (Women’s Human Rights Step by Step: Women, Law, and Development International)

• planned, deliberate, and sustained to advance an agenda for change

• STEPS:

  • DEFINING AN ISSUE

  • PLANNING 

  • COMMUNITY MOBILIZING

  • MESSAGING

CAMPAIGN

• ads revolving around a single idea

• framework in which processes of advocacy that can be easily developed and enclosed

• has varying purposes, they are created using similar structures, as well as through the use of persuasive language in order to convince audiences to perform a certain function

• 5 DIMENSIONS OF CAMPAIGN:

1. AWARENESS RAISING: problem to be addressed known by the general public.

2. RESEARCH: provides the necessary knowledge to take action; many stakeholders are involved here for the complexity of the topics

3. SOCIAL MOBILIZATION: used by grassroots-based social movements, but also as a tool for the elite and the state itself; involves different groups like, civic organizations, religions, and actions of members of institutions like, mass meetings, processions, and demonstrations

4. TRAINING: process focus on a specific target; further develops the contents, but also the scope and the vision; runs in a mid-term and long-term scenario to get in-depth into the topic; completes the information understanding cycle

5. LOBBYING: an act to influence decisions made by officials in the government; it points directly to the legislator and regulatory agencies

EXPOSITORY WRITING:

• to explain, inform, clarify, define, instruct

• ex: letters, newsletters, articles, guidebooks, reports, research, pamphlets, manuals

• DOES (IS) NOT:

• tell a story, persuade (ONLY GIVES FACT AND REASON), tell a story, book review, only about opinion (MUST INCLUDE EVIDENCE)-

• CHARACTERISTICS:

1. focus on main topic

2. logical supporting facts

3. details, explanation, examples

4. strong organization

5. clarity

6. unity and coherence 

7. logical order 

8. smooth transition 

1. ELEMENTS:

   1. ORGANIZATION

• need to follow logical sequence 

  • NOVEL: beginning, middle , end of the book

  • 2/3/1: 2nd, 3rd, best idea

• EXPOSITORY ESSAY FORMAT

  • INTRODUCTION: 

• first paragraph should introduce the topic

• create interest 

• outline main ideas

• main elements:

• HOOK: catch attention, introduces in an interesting way 

• BUILDING SENTENCES: background information, context

• THESIS STATEMENT: most important, writer's position, indicates main idea

• BODY PARAGRAPH 1, 2,3:

• explains the thesis statement 

• 3 PARTS:

• TOPIC SENTENCE: controlling idea

• SUPPORTING SENTENCES: explain and develop 

• CONCLUDING SENTENCE: end

• purpose: to support topic statement with direct quotations, specific textual detail, strong explanation 

• ELEMENTS:

• TOPIC SENTENCE (CLAIM)

• TEXTUAL EVIDENCE (CITE)

• EXPLANATION OF EVIDENCE (CLARIFY)

• CONCLUSION

• reviewing main ideas from each body paragraph; final thought

• RESTATED THESIS STATEMENT: different words from those in the introduction 

• SUMMARY OF MAIN IDEAS: summarized as a reminder 

• FINAL THOUGHT: opinion, solution, prediction; leaves a strong impression, encourages reader to think further 

b. TOPIC STATEMENTS, THESIS STATEMENT, SUBTOPICS

• THESIS: statement discussing the topic of paper; located at the end of introductory paragraph, usually one sentence long, main ideas as listed in the same order

• SUBTOPIC: supports the thesis

• TOPIC STATEMENT: discusses the topic of each paragraph 

c. TRANSITIONS

• glue of the essay

d. EVIDENCE AND EXAMPLES

• meat of the essay; proves what you know 

• examples, explanations, evidence, elaboration 

e. CONCLUSION

• restate, remind; do not add new information 

3 PARTS OF AN ARGUMENT:

1. ASSERTION: main point of an argument 

2. REASONING: because part

3. EVIDENCE: supports reasoning

EMPHASIZING WORDS:  transition words alert readers to new ideas and details

1. CLAIMS OF FACT 

   1. certain arguments are non negotiable 

   2. has existed, exists, will exist 

   3. used to debate whether an issue is true or false

2. CLAIM OF VALUE 

   1. use of moral and ethical grounds 

   2. proves that a certain claim or belief is right of wrong 

   3. asserts the merit of good and bad 

3. CLAIM OF POLICY

   1. “rogerian approach”

   2. making claims, 

   3. what “should” be done