Contraptions

Contraception

• The deliberate prevention of pregnancy.

Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) / Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)

• Contagious diseases or infections spread by sexual contact.

• “STI” is generally more correct than “STD” because a person can be infected and able to infect others without showing signs of disease.

Sterilization

• Permanent surgical methods to prevent sperm from reaching an egg, considered very reliable.

• Tubal ligation: The oviducts are cut and tied off in females.

• Vasectomy: The vas deferens are cut in males, preventing sperm from reaching the urethra.Hormonal Contraception

• Methods using hormones (estrogen & progestin combinations or progestin only) to prevent pregnancy. Includes pills, patches, implants, and injections.

IUDs (Intrauterine Devices)

• Devices inserted into the uterus. Copper IUDs can last up to 10 years; hormonal IUDs last 3–5 years. Statistically the most effective reversible method.

Emergency Contraception

• Methods used after unprotected sex to prevent pregnancy. Includes morning-after pills (MAPs), which are about 75% effective when taken within 3 days, and copper IUDs, which can be inserted up to 5 days after intercourse.Barrier Contraception

• Methods that physically prevent sperm from meeting an egg, such as diaphragms, cervical caps, and condoms. Usually used with spermicides.

Rhythm Method/Natural Family Planning

• Temporary abstinence based on refraining from intercourse during ovulation.

Withdrawal Method

• Removal of the penis before ejaculation; considered unreliable.

Key Terms

• Abstinence: Avoiding intercourse; the only totally effective method of contraception.

• Essure: A non-surgical permanent birth control method for women; associated with complaints and complications.

• Vasalgel: A reversible vasectomy method in development. Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT): A risk associated with long-term hormonal contraception.

• RU-486: A medication that can induce abortion.

• Spermicides: Chemicals that kill sperm, often used with barrier methods.

• Gardasil: HPV vaccine recommended for boys and girls at age 11.

Graphs and Data Visualizations

• Contraceptive Methods Table: (Mentioned as Table 26.1, details not shown).

• Effectiveness of Birth Control Methods: (Image referenced, not shown).

• Genital Herpes—Initial Visits to Physicians’ Offices, United States, 1966–2012: Shows trends in physician visits for genital herpes.

• Genital Warts—Initial Visits to Physicians’ Offices, United States, 1966–2012: Shows trends in physician visits for genital warts.Notable Statistics and Facts

• More than 1.2 million people in the U.S. live with HIV; about 14% are unaware of their infection.

• Genital herpes affects about 16% of people aged 14–49 in the U.S.; many are asymptomatic but can still transmit the virus.

• HPV is extremely common; nearly all sexually active people will get it at some point.

• Chlamydia is the most frequently reported bacterial STD in the U.S..

Additional Notes

• Many contraceptive methods do not protect against STIs; only barrier methods (e.g., condoms) provide significant protection.

• Viral STIs are generally lifelong, while bacterial, protozoan, and fungal STIs are usually curable with medication.

• People can transmit STIs even without symptoms.

Visuals Referenced (Descriptions)

• Birth Control Effectiveness Chart: Shows relative effectiveness of different contraceptive methods.

• Graphs of Genital Herpes and Warts Physician Visits: Show trends over time in the U.S. More than 1.2 million people in the U.S. live with HIV; about 14% are unaware of their infection.

• Genital herpes affects about 16% of people aged 14–49 in the U.S.; many are asymptomatic but can still transmit the virus.

• HPV is extremely common; nearly all sexually active people will get it at some point.

• Chlamydia is the most frequently reported bacterial STD in the U.S..

Additional Notes

• Many contraceptive methods do not protect against STIs; only barrier methods (e.g., condoms) provide significant protection.

• Viral STIs are generally lifelong, while bacterial, protozoan, and fungal STIs are usually curable with medication.

• People can transmit STIs even without symptoms.