Espanol 6

Question:

Cuánto (tiempo) hace que + verb phrase in present / Desde cuando + verb phrase in the present

Response:

Hace + a time expression + que + a verb phrase in present / a verb phrase in present + desde hace + time expression

Began in past but continued till something else:

Cuánto tiempo hacía que + a verb phrase in the imperfect

Response:

Hacia + period of time + que + a verb phrase in the imperfect

How long ago something was

Cuánto tiempo hace que + a verb in preterite

Response:

Hace + a time expression + que + a verb in preterite / a verb in the preterite + hace + a time expression

Llevar + gerund for positive in present or imperfect

Llevar + sin + infinitive for negative in present or imperfect

Que (that, which, who, whom) describes both persons and objects

Quien (who, whom) describes only person usually after preposition or when a clause is set off by commas

Lo que (what, that which) describes an idea, or a previous event or situation

Cuyo (whose, of whom, of which) is a possessive adjective. It agrees with gender and number of nouns. Precedes each noun.

el/la cual (that, which, who, whom) identifies which antecedent of different genders is being talked about. Also used after prepositions to refer to things or persons.

Se + 3rd person singular (people, one, we, you they) - impersonal

Se + 3rd person singular/plural is used in passive sentences. Subject follows verb. If it refers to person or person it must be se + 3rd person singular + a + subject

Por

Cause for Action (because of, on behalf of, to get)

In exchange for

Amount of time something takes place (during)

Motion (through, by, along, around)

Way something accomplished (by)

Estar + por (about to)

Expressions

Para

Purpose (to, in order to)

Comparison in qualities (stated or implicit)

Deadlines (by, for)

Destination (for)

Para que (for what purpose or goal)

Por que (for what reason / why)

First Republic (1873-1874):

The First Spanish Republic was established in 1873 after the abdication of King Amadeo I de Saboya.
Prominent figures during this period include Emilio Castelar, who briefly served as the president of the Republic.
The Republic faced challenges such as economic instability, regional conflicts, and the struggle between republicans and monarchists.

Restoration Period (1874-1931):

Alfonso XII, who reigned from 1874 to 1885, oversaw the Restoration period and initiated reforms to stabilize Spain.
Alfonso XIII, who became king in 1886, faced political corruption, economic struggles, and growing social discontent.
Anarchist movements, such as the Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (CNT), gained prominence during this period, advocating for workers' rights and social revolution.
The rise of Catalan and Basque nationalism became evident, with movements like the Catalan Solidarity Party (Solidaritat Catalana) emerging.

Spanish Civil War (1936-1939):

The Spanish Civil War began in 1936 when a military uprising led by General Francisco Franco challenged the Republican government.
The conflict saw intense battles between the Nationalists (Franco's forces) and the Republicans, which included a coalition of left-wing parties, anarchists, and communists.
Notable events include the bombing of Guernica in 1937 by the German Condor Legion, which became a symbol of the war's brutality.
International involvement was significant, with fascist Italy and Nazi Germany supporting Franco, while the Soviet Union and international brigades supported the Republicans.

Francoist Spain (1939-1975):

After Franco's victory in 1939, he established a dictatorship characterized by authoritarian rule, censorship, and suppression of political dissent.
Franco implemented centralization policies, aimed at suppressing regional identities and languages, particularly targeting Catalonia and the Basque Country.
Key figures in Franco's regime included José Antonio Primo de Rivera, founder of the Falange Española party, and Admiral Luis Carrero Blanco, Franco's right-hand man.
Economic policies under Franco emphasized autarky and state control, leading to isolation from the international community and economic stagnation.

Transition to Democracy (1975-1982):

Franco's death in 1975 marked the beginning of Spain's transition to democracy under King Juan Carlos I.
Adolfo Suárez, appointed as Prime Minister in 1976, played a crucial role in the transition, overseeing political liberalization and the legalization of political parties.
The drafting and approval of the Spanish Constitution of 1978 established Spain as a constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary democracy.
The first democratic elections were held in 1977, leading to the establishment of a democratic government.

Joaquín Sorolla (1863-1923):

Sorolla was born in Valencia, Spain, and is best known for his luminous and vibrant paintings that captured the essence of Spanish life, particularly scenes of the beach, landscapes, and portraits.
He was heavily influenced by the Impressionist movement, and his works often displayed loose brushwork and a keen sense of light and color.
Sorolla's paintings often depicted scenes of everyday life, capturing the essence of Spanish culture and traditions. He was particularly skilled at portraying the effects of light on water, earning him the nickname "Master of Light."
His style evolved over time, and he became known for his bold use of color and his ability to convey the warmth and energy of the Mediterranean region.

Pablo Picasso (1881-1973):

Picasso was born in Spain but spent much of his adult life in France. He is widely regarded as one of the most influential artists of the 20th century, known for co-founding the Cubist movement and for his contributions to Surrealism and other avant-garde art movements.
His career spanned several distinct periods, including the Blue Period (characterized by melancholic subjects and a predominantly blue color palette), the Rose Period (featuring warmer tones and themes of circus performers and harlequins), and the Cubist period (where he deconstructed forms into geometric shapes).
Picasso's work was marked by constant experimentation with style and technique, often challenging traditional notions of art and representation.
Beyond painting, Picasso was also a prolific sculptor, printmaker, ceramicist, and stage designer.

Salvador Dalí (1904-1989):

Dalí was born in Catalonia, Spain, and was known for his eccentric personality as well as his surreal and fantastical artwork.
He was heavily influenced by Freudian psychology and explored themes of the subconscious mind, dreams, and sexuality in his work.
Dalí's paintings often featured bizarre and distorted imagery, melting objects, and symbolic elements. His style was characterized by meticulous detail and a meticulous rendering of objects.
He was also involved in other artistic endeavors, including film, sculpture, and photography, and he collaborated with filmmakers such as Luis Buñuel on the seminal Surrealist film "Un Chien Andalou."

Joan Miró (1893-1983):

Miró was born in Barcelona, Catalonia, and was a prominent figure in the Surrealist movement.
His work was characterized by its playful and whimsical style, often featuring bold colors, organic shapes, and abstract forms.
Miró drew inspiration from Catalan folk art, as well as Surrealism, and his paintings often incorporated symbolic elements and imagery drawn from his own imagination.
He experimented with various mediums, including painting, sculpture, ceramics, and printmaking, and his work often explored themes of the subconscious mind, the cosmos, and the relationship between humans and nature.
Miró's later works became increasingly abstract, and he played a significant role in the development of Abstract Expressionism and other modern art movements.

The story centers around Jacinto Contreras, a miner who toils away in the dark, dangerous depths of the earth to make a living. Life in the mining town is harsh and bleak, with the constant threat of accidents and the pervasive gloom of poverty hanging over everyone.

One day, unexpectedly, Jacinto receives his extra pay, or "paga extraordinaria," a bonus payment that miners receive on occasion. This windfall brings a momentary burst of joy and excitement to Jacinto and his family. They dare to dream of a better life, even if just for a fleeting moment.

However, the reality of their circumstances soon sets in. The extra pay, while providing temporary relief from their financial struggles, is not enough to lift them out of poverty permanently. Jacinto and his fellow miners are still bound by their difficult and dangerous work, with little hope for significant change.

As the story unfolds, it delves into the lives of the miners and their families, revealing the interconnectedness of their struggles and the resilience with which they face adversity. Despite the hardships they endure, there is a sense of solidarity and camaraderie among them.

Through Jacinto Contreras and his receipt of the extra pay, Ignacio Aldecoa captures the harsh realities of life in a mining community, exploring themes of poverty, hope, and the enduring human spirit in the face of adversity. The story serves as a poignant reflection on the lives of working-class people and the complexities of their existence.

Joaquín Cortés was born into a Romani family in Córdoba, Spain, in 1969. Raised in a community deeply rooted in flamenco culture, he began dancing at the age of seven, showcasing a natural talent and a profound connection to the art form. He honed his skills through rigorous training in traditional flamenco techniques, studying under notable instructors.

Cortés's breakthrough came in the early 1990s when he burst onto the international stage with his distinctive fusion of flamenco and contemporary dance elements. His performances were marked by a dynamic blend of passion, athleticism, and raw emotion, captivating audiences around the world. His striking physicality and magnetic stage presence set him apart, earning him widespread acclaim and admiration.

Throughout the 1990s and 2000s, Cortés embarked on numerous world tours, dazzling spectators in iconic venues such as the Royal Albert Hall in London and the Metropolitan Opera House in New York City. He collaborated with renowned musicians, including Paco de Lucía and Julio Iglesias, and expanded his repertoire to incorporate elements of other dance styles, such as ballet and hip-hop, while remaining rooted in flamenco tradition.

Cortés's influence extended beyond the stage, as he became a cultural ambassador for flamenco, helping to popularize the art form on a global scale. His performances transcended language barriers, speaking to audiences of diverse backgrounds and cultures.

In addition to his accomplishments as a dancer, Cortés explored other creative endeavors, including acting and choreography. He appeared in films such as "Gitano" (2000) and "The Mask of Zorro" (1998), showcasing his versatility as a performer.

Despite facing challenges and controversies throughout his career, Cortés remained a dominant force in the world of dance, continuing to inspire and innovate. His legacy as a trailblazer in flamenco dance is firmly established, and he remains a beloved figure in the hearts of fans worldwide.