Chapter 9: The Market Revolution & Manifest Destiny

9-1: The Market Revolution

Vocabulary

• Market Revolution – The buying and selling of goods rather than making goods for personal use.

• Entrepreneur – An investor who organizes, operates, and assumes the risk for a business venture.

• Capitalism – An economic system where private businesses and individuals control production to earn profits.

• Specialization – The practice of raising one or two cash crops to sell for profit.

Transportation Innovations

• Canals – Helped move heavy machinery and raw materials, linking the Midwest and Northeast.

• Railroads – Faster, safer, more reliable, and eventually cheaper than other modes of transport.

Regional Differences

• North – Center of American commerce; New York City was the largest port city; manufacturing expanded.

• Midwest – Shifted from subsistence farming to cash crops (corn, wheat); used mechanized farming.

• South – Primarily agricultural (cotton, tobacco, rice); exported cotton to England and New England.

New Inventions

• Telegraph (Samuel F.B. Morse) – Sent messages in code over copper wire.

• Mechanical Reaper (Cyrus McCormick) – Allowed farmers to do the work of five hired hands.

• Steamboat (Robert Fulton) – Allowed sailing against the current, speeding shipping, and reducing costs.

• Vulcanized Rubber (Charles Goodyear) – Withstood hot and cold temperatures; first used to protect boots.

• Sewing Machine (Elias Howe) – First used in shoe factories; improved clothing production.

• Steel Plow (John Deere) – Sliced through heavy soil more easily than previous tools.

• Foot Treadle (I.M. Singer) – Reduced garment production time; led to factory-made clothing.

9-2: Manifest Destiny

Reasons for Manifest Destiny

• Market for new goods

• Land for immigrants

• Harbors on the West Coast

Challenges on the Trail

• Dangers – Weather, river crossings, illness, and accidents.

• Life on the Trail – Lonely, leading to caravans for community and protection.

Key Locations

• Independence, Missouri – The "Gateway" to the West; starting point for the Oregon and Santa Fe Trails.

Native American Reactions

• Responses – Kept traditions (or moved), assimilated, or fought back against settlers.

• “Middle Ground” – Beneficial as a space for mutual good will, trade, and guidance.

• Black Hawk War – Showed that settlers pushed Native Americans off their lands.

• Indian Removal Act – Legislation that relocated Native Americans.

• Treaty of Fort Laramie – Ineffective because the U.S. repeatedly broke its promises.

• Effect of Westward Expansion – The "Middle Ground" kept moving west as settlers advanced.

Supplies for Settlers

• Cloth

• Guns and knives

• Provisions (food)