Heimler AP World Unit One Review

Notes on the Heimler Unit One Review

Chinese Song Dynasty

• xced neighboring regions like Korea, Japan, and Vietnam.

• These regions adopted similar state-building tactics and bureaucratic systems.

Role of Buddhism in Song China

• Buddhism spread to China before the Song dynasty, with teachings on the Four Noble Truths.

• Buddhism evolved in different regions, with Theravada Buddhism in Sri Lanka and Mahayana Buddhism in East Asia.

• Mahayana Buddhism encouraged broader participation and assistance in enlightenment.

Economy in Song China

• The economy in Song China is a final consideration for state building efforts.

Song Dynasty Economic Development

• Song rulers inherited prosperity and population growth from Tang and Sui Dynasties

  • Population doubled between 8th and 10th centuries

• Commercialization led to surplus goods being traded in markets across Eurasia

  • Notable goods traded were porcelain and silk

• Agricultural innovations like Champa rice led to increased food production and population growth

  • Champa rice matured early, resisted drought, and could be harvested multiple times a year

• Innovations in transportation, especially the expansion of the Grand Canal, facilitated trade and communication

Dar al Islam Developments

• Dar al Islam refers to regions where Islamic faith was prominent

• Islam, Judaism, and Christianity were practiced in the heartland of the Muslim faith

• Abbasid Caliphate's decline led to rise of Turkic Muslim empires like the Seljuk Empire

• Muslim empires continued practices like military administration and Sharia law

• Cultural and scientific innovations included advancements in math and preservation of Greek works

• Expansion of Muslim rule occurred through military conquest, merchant activities, and Sufi missionary work

South and Southeast Asia Belief Systems

• Hinduism, Buddhism, and Islam were the main religions in South and Southeast Asia

• Buddhism declined in South Asia, with Hinduism remaining dominant in India

• Islam spread through missionary activities of Sufis, adapting to local beliefs

• Religious influences profoundly shaped societies in the region

State Building in South and Southeast Asia

• Belief systems influenced state building efforts in the region

• Hinduism, Buddhism, and Islam played significant roles in shaping the societies of South and Southeast Asia

• Buddhism declined in South Asia, while Hinduism remained prevalent in India

• Islam spread through missionary activities, adapting to local beliefs and customs

Belief Systems and Religious Movements

• Islam and Hinduism in India

  • Islam became influential in the region with the Delhi Sultanate's establishment.

  • Muslims in charge in India led to the spread of Islam in Southeast Asia.

  • Bhakti movement in Hinduism emphasized devotion to one god, challenging traditional hierarchies.

State Building in South Asia and Southeast Asia

• South Asia

  • Muslim Delhi Sultanate struggled to impose total Muslim rule on Hindu population.

  • Rajput Kingdom resisted Muslim intrusion, maintaining Hindu influence.

  • Vijayanagara Empire emerged in the south as a counterpoint to Muslim rule in the north.

• Southeast Asia

  • Majapahit Kingdom in Java controlled trade routes, declined due to Chinese support for Malacca.

  • Khmer Empire in Cambodia showcased a blend of Hindu and Buddhist influences in Angkor Wat.

State Building in the Americas

• Aztec Empire

  • Aztecs established a vast empire through aggressive expansion and tribute states.

  • Tribute system involved labor and goods from conquered regions, including human sacrifice.

• Inca Empire

  • Incas were intrusive in conquered territories, with a centralized bureaucracy.

  • Implemented the Mit'a system for labor on state projects, maintaining control over conquered people.

State Building in North America and Africa

• North America

  • Mississippian culture in the Mississippi River Valley focused on agriculture and monumental mounds.

• Africa

  • Swahili Civilization

    • Cities organized around commerce and Indian Ocean trade.

    • Influence of Muslim traders led to the emergence of Swahili language, showcasing cultural intermingling.

African Civilizations

• Swahili States and West African Civilizations

  • Rapid Islamic influence in Swahili states due to Muslim influence.

  • West African civilizations like Ghana, Mali, and Songhai Empire grew through trade and adopted Islam.

  • Elite members and officials converted to Islam, while the majority retained indigenous beliefs.

• Hausa Kingdoms

  • City-states like Swahili states, grew powerful through trade, especially Trans-Saharan trade.

  • Acted as brokers in trade.

• Great Zimbabwe

  • Grew powerful through trade, especially gold exports.

  • Maintained indigenous religion, unlike Swahili and Hausa states.

• Kingdom of Ethiopia

  • Flourished through trade, notably with Mediterranean and Arabian Peninsula.

  • Unique for being a Christian state amidst Islamic dominance.

European Civilizations

• Christianity in Europe

  • Two main branches: Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholicism.

  • Byzantine Empire represented Eastern Orthodox Christianity.

  • Roman Catholicism dominated Western Europe post-Roman Empire fall.

• European Political Organization

  • Decentralized states in Europe organized around feudalism.

  • Feudal system involved lords, vassals, and military service.

  • Manorialism centered on lords owning land rented to peasants (serfs).

• Shift to Centralized Monarchies

  • Monarchs started gaining power after 1000 CE, leading to centralized states.

  • Process of centralization took several centuries to complete.

African Civilizations

• Swahili States and West African Civilizations

  • Swahili states integrated into Islamic trade due to Muslim influence.

  • West African civilizations like Ghana, Mali, and Songhai Empire also driven by trade.

• Hausa Kingdoms

  • Hausa kingdoms were city-states like Swahili states.

  • Grew powerful through trade, particularly Trans-Saharan trade.

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  • Grew wealthy through gold exports facilitated by trade.

  • Maintained indigenous religion, unlike other African states.

• Kingdom of Ethiopia

  • Flourished through trade, especially with Mediterranean and Arabian Peninsula.

  • Unique for being a Christian state amidst Islamic dominance.

European Civilizations

• Christianity in Europe

  • Byzantine Empire represented Eastern Orthodox Christianity.

  • Roman Catholicism dominant in Western Europe post-Roman Empire.

• European Political Organization

  • Feudal system involved lords, vassals, and military service.

  • Manorialism centered on peasants working land owned by lords.

• Shift to Centralized Monarchies

  • Monarchs started gaining power after 1000 CE.

  • Centralization process took several