AP Review - Key Concepts from Chapters 26 and 27

Key Historical Events and Concepts

• Fidel Castro: Leader of Cuba, known for establishing a communist state.

• Bay of Pigs: Failed invasion of Cuba by U.S. forces in 1961, aimed to overthrow Castro.

• Berlin Wall: Erected in 1961, symbolized the division between East and West Berlin.

• Cuban Missile Crisis: 1962 confrontation between the U.S. and USSR over missiles in Cuba.

• Engle v. Vitale: Landmark Supreme Court case ruling against school-sponsored prayer.

• Baker v. Carr: Established the principle of "one person, one vote" in legislative districts.

• Lyndon Johnson: U.S. President known for Great Society and escalation of the Vietnam War.

• Gideon v. Wainwright: Supreme Court case ensuring the right to an attorney.

• Miranda v. Arizona: Established the requirement to inform suspects of their rights.

• Vietnam War - Causes: Rooted in the Cold War, aimed to prevent the spread of communism.

• Gulf of Tonkin Resolution: Congressional action authorizing military intervention in Vietnam in 1964.

• Voting Rights Act of 1965: Legislation aimed at eliminating racial discrimination in voting.

• Malcolm X: Civil rights leader advocating for black empowerment and identity.

• Black Panthers: Revolutionary group advocating for African American rights and self-defense.

• Cesar Chavez: Labor leader advocating for agricultural workers' rights.

• "Star Wars" Missile Defense System: Proposed initiative for the defense against nuclear missiles.

• Iran-Contra Affair: Scandal involving secret U.S. arms sales to Iran to fund Nicaraguan rebels.

• George H. W. Bush: U.S. President during the Gulf War and end of the Cold War.

• Persian Gulf War: Conflict to expel Iraqi forces from Kuwait in 1990-1991.

• End of the Cold War: Marked by the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 and USSR dissolution in 1991.

• Bill Clinton: U.S. President known for economic prosperity and foreign policy initiatives.

• NAFTA: North American Free Trade Agreement aimed at reducing trade barriers between U.S., Canada, and Mexico.

• George W. Bush: U.S. President during September 11 attacks and subsequent wars in Afghanistan and Iraq.

• September 11, 2001: Terrorist attacks leading to significant changes in U.S. policy.

• Wars in Afghanistan and Iraq: Military operations initiated in response to 9/11 and to eliminate threats.

• Barak Obama: U.S. President known for healthcare reform and foreign policy changes.

Important Amendments and Legal Cases

• 13th Amendment: Abolished slavery in the United States.

• 14th Amendment: Granted citizenship and equal protection under the law.

• 15th Amendment: Prohibited denying the right to vote based on race.

• 26th Amendment: Lowered voting age to 18.

• Roe v. Wade: Supreme Court ruling that legalized abortion.

• Bakke v. University of California: Affirmative action case regarding admission policies.

Key Events and Movements

• Counterculture Movement: Social movement of the 1960s challenging traditional norms.

• Tet Offensive: Major offensive by North Vietnam in 1968 that turned American public opinion on the war.

• American Indian Movement: Advocacy for Native American rights and sovereignty.

• Apollo 11 Moon Landing: Historic space mission where humans landed on the moon in 1969.

• Watergate Scandal: Political scandal leading to Nixon's resignation.

• War Powers Act: Limited presidential powers to deploy U.S. forces without Congressional approval.