Israel Palestine All Terms flashcards

Theodor Herzl: Austro-Hungarian journalist and the founding father of modern political Zionism. He advocated for the establishment of a Jewish state in Palestine.

Zionism: A movement for the creation and support of a Jewish national state in Palestine, based on the idea of Jewish self-determination.

Antisemitism: Prejudice, discrimination, or hostility against Jews.

Hussein-McMahon Letters: A series of exchanges during World War I between British High Commissioner in Egypt, Sir Henry McMahon, and the Sharif of Mecca, Hussein bin Ali, which were interpreted as promises of Arab independence in exchange for support against the Ottoman Empire.

Balfour Declaration: A 1917 British statement declaring support for establishing a "national home for the Jewish people" in Palestine.

Mandate System: A system established after World War I, under which the League of Nations entrusted the administration of former Ottoman lands (including Palestine) to European powers, notably Britain and France.

Pogroms: Violent riots or attacks against Jews, typically involving property destruction, physical harm, and deaths, especially in Eastern Europe.

Peel Commission: A British commission in 1936-1937 that concluded the conflict between Jews and Arabs in Palestine was irreconcilable and recommended partitioning the land.

UN Resolution 181: A 1947 United Nations proposal to partition Palestine into separate Jewish and Arab states, with Jerusalem under international control.

1st Arab-Israeli War: The 1948 conflict between Israel and a coalition of Arab states following the declaration of Israel’s independence.

War of Independence: Another name for the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, as viewed from the Israeli perspective.

Nakba: Arabic term meaning "catastrophe," used to describe the displacement of hundreds of thousands of Palestinian Arabs during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War.

Refugees: People who are forced to flee their home country due to war, persecution, or natural disasters. In the context of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, refers to Palestinians who fled or were expelled during the 1948 war.Six-Day War of 1967: A brief but intense conflict between Israel and several Arab nations, in which Israel captured the West Bank, Gaza Strip, Sinai Peninsula, and Golan Heights.

Preemptive: A military strategy where an attack is launched in anticipation of an imminent threat, rather than in response to an actual attack.

PLO (Palestine Liberation Organization): A political and paramilitary organization founded in 1964, which aimed to create an independent Palestinian state. It is recognized as the representative of the Palestinian people.

Yom Kippur War: A 1973 conflict between Israel and a coalition of Arab states (mainly Egypt and Syria) during the Jewish holiday of Yom Kippur.

Camp David Accords: A 1978 peace agreement brokered by U.S. President Jimmy Carter between Egypt and Israel, leading to Egypt recognizing Israel and Israel withdrawing from the Sinai Peninsula.

“Land for Peace”: A principle in Israeli-Palestinian peace negotiations where Israel would exchange land (such as the occupied territories) for peace with its Arab neighbors.

Intifada: A term meaning "uprising," referring to two major Palestinian uprisings against Israeli rule in the occupied territories (1987-1993 and 2000-2005).

Fatah: A major Palestinian political and military organization, founded by Yasser Arafat, that is part of the PLO.Hamas: An Islamist militant Palestinian organization, which controls the Gaza Strip. It opposes Israel's existence and has engaged in both political and military actions against Israel.

Pan-Arabism: A political and cultural ideology advocating for the unity of Arab countries, often with the aim of creating a single Arab nation.

League of Arab States: An organization of Arab countries formed in 1945 to promote economic, cultural, and political cooperation among its members.

Nasser: Gamal Abdel Nasser, the president of Egypt from 1956 to 1970, known for his leadership in the Arab world and his efforts to modernize Egypt and promote Pan-Arabism.

United Arab Republic: A political union between Egypt and Syria from 1958 to 1961, aimed at achieving Pan-Arab unity.Suez Canal: A strategic waterway connecting the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea, allowing direct maritime passage between Europe and Asia.

UN 194: A United Nations resolution passed in 1948 calling for the return of Palestinian refugees and the establishment of a peaceful resolution to the conflict.

UN 242: A 1967 UN Security Council resolution calling for Israel to withdraw from territories occupied in the Six-Day War in exchange for peace with its Arab neighbors.

Oslo Accords: A series of agreements signed in 1993 between Israel and the PLO, aiming for a two-state solution and the establishment of the Palestinian Authority.

Clinton Plan: A 2000 peace proposal by U.S. President Bill Clinton, which aimed to resolve the Israeli-Palestinian conflict through territorial compromises.Quartet Roadmap: A 2003 peace plan proposed by the United States, European Union, Russia, and the United Nations, outlining steps toward a two-state solution.

Arafat: Yasser Arafat, the longtime leader of the PLO and later the Palestinian Authority, who was a central figure in Palestinian politics.

Rabin: Yitzhak Rabin, the Israeli prime minister who signed the Oslo Accords and was later assassinated by a right-wing extremist in 1995.

Two-state solution: A proposed resolution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, advocating for the creation of an independent Israeli state and an independent Palestinian state.

Right of return: The principle that Palestinian refugees should be allowed to return to their homes in what is now Israel, as per UN Resolution 194.Hezbollah: A Shiite militant group based in Lebanon, with strong ties to Iran. It opposes Israel and has engaged in numerous attacks against Israeli targets.

October 7, 2023: A significant day marking a major attack by Hamas on Israel, leading to a large-scale conflict and substantial casualties.

Benjamin ‘Bibi’ Netanyahu: The prime minister of Israel, known for his right-wing political stance and leadership during multiple terms in office.

Israeli settlements: Communities established by Israel in territories it occupied during the 1967 war, such as the West Bank and East Jerusalem, considered illegal under international law by many countries, though Israel disputes this.

Casualties/deaths: Refers to individuals who are killed or injured as a result of conflict, including soldiers, civilians, and others involved in or affected by warfare.