In-Depth Notes on Oral and Digestive Health

Gingivitis: Refers to gum inflammation caused by factors like bacterial infections and denture irritation.
- Also known as acute necrotizing gingivitis (cell death due to severe infection).
- Symptoms include: ruber (redness), dolar (pain), tumor (swelling).
- Common causes: Poor dental hygiene, poorly fitting dentures, teeth alignment issues.
- Accompanies conditions like stomatitis (mouth inflammation) and nutritional deficiencies (e.g., scurvy).
Vincent's Infection: Severe form of gingivitis with painful ulcers, swollen lymph nodes, and fever.
Pyorrhea (Periodontitis): Inflammation around the tooth, characterized by pus flow and gingival degeneration.
- Pyuria: Inflammation of tissues around teeth leading to loss of attachment and possible tooth loosening.
- Can result from untreated gingivitis.
Tartar/Calculus: Accumulated calcified material on teeth, can lead to further gum disease.
- Complications: Often exacerbated by smoking, requires good dental hygiene to prevent.

Caries: Decay of tooth enamel caused by bacteria acting on leftover food.
- Symptoms: Gradually destroys enamel and dentin, leads to potential tooth loss.
- Prevention Methods: Good oral hygiene, fluoride treatments, avoiding processed foods.
- Prevalence: Affects 60-90% of schoolchildren and many adults globally, more severe in some regions like Asia and Latin America.

Attrition: Wearing away of tissue due to friction (e.g., enamel wear on teeth).
Bruxism: Teeth grinding that can lead to dental attrition.
Malocclusion: Abnormal contact between upper and lower teeth affecting chewing/speech.
- Classified by Edward Engel into types based on molar alignment.
- Overbite and Underbite: Dental alignment issues affecting jaw line and structure.

Baby Bottle Caries: Cavities in young children from prolonged bottle feeding.
- Prevention: Eliminate bedtime bottles or use water instead of milk/juice.

Orthodontics: Specialty focused on correcting teeth alignment.
- Uses braces and aligners for teeth repositioning.

Gumboil: Abscesses in gums often requiring antibiotics and surgical intervention for relief.

Dysphagia: Difficulty swallowing, can result from various abnormalities (e.g., esophageal stenosis).
Dysphonia: Difficulty with vocal sounds, may arise from vocal cord issues or inflammation.

Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver caused by various agents including viruses and toxins.
- Types include A, B, C, D, and E, each with different transmission modes.
Cholecystitis: Inflammation of the gallbladder often due to gallstones, treated via surgery or lithotripsy.
- Symptoms include abdominal pain and jaundice.

Type 1 Diabetes: Insulin-dependent, arising from a reduction in insulin-producing beta cells.
- Symptoms often appear abruptly during adolescence.
Type 2 Diabetes: Non-insulin dependent, associated with obesity and later onset.
- Includes complications such as skin issues and increased infection risk.
- Managed through lifestyle changes and monitoring.

Characterized by progressive liver damage leading to portal hypertension, described by blood not processing effectively in the liver.
Causes include alcohol, nutritional deficiencies, and infections.

Overall, understanding mouth diseases and their associations with systemic health is crucial for effective treatment and prevention. Regular dental check-ups and hygiene practices are pivotal in avoiding serious complications.