BME211 Week 2

- Function of the Cardiovascular System: Transports oxygen, nutrients, and waste throughout the body and maintains blood circulation.

- Cardiovascular Circulation:  

  - Pulmonary Circulation: Carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs and back.  

  - Systemic Circulation: Carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body and returns deoxygenated blood.

- Stress vs. Strain:  

  - Stress: Force applied per unit area.  

  - Strain: Deformation or change in shape in response to stress.

- 1D Deformation: Deformation in a single dimension, such as stretching or compressing along one axis.

- Stress-Strain Curve Components: Shows the relationship between stress and strain; includes elastic region, yield point, plastic region, and failure point.

- Viscoelastic Behavior: Materials that exhibit both elastic (spring-like) and viscous (fluid-like) properties, such as biological tissues.

- Compact and Spongy Bone Structure:  

  - Compact Bone: Dense and strong, supports and protects.  

  - Spongy Bone: Porous and lightweight, found at bone ends, helps absorb impact.

- Artery Structure and Function:  

  - Elastic Arteries: Large, elastic fibers, absorb pressure from heartbeats.  

  - Muscular Arteries: Distribute blood, control flow with smooth muscle.  

  - Arterioles: Small, regulate blood flow into capillaries.

- Hydrostatic Pressure: Pressure exerted by a fluid due to gravity.  

  - Equation: \( P = \rho g h \) (where \( \rho \) = fluid density, \( g \) = gravity, \( h \) = height).

- Viscosity and Shear Rate:  

  - Viscosity: Measure of a fluid’s resistance to flow.  

  - Shear Rate: Rate at which layers of fluid move past each other.

- Fluid Behavior:  

  - Newtonian: Constant viscosity, regardless of stress (e.g., water).  

  - Non-Newtonian: Viscosity changes with stress (e.g., blood).

- Poiseuille’s Equation: Describes laminar flow of fluids in a tube; dependent on tube radius, length, and fluid viscosity.

- Reynolds Number: Predicts flow type (laminar vs. turbulent);  

  - Equation: \( Re = \frac{\rho v D}{\mu} \) (where \( \rho \) = density, \( v \) = velocity, \( D \) = diameter, \( \mu \) = viscosity).

- Blood and Blood Flow: Blood transports oxygen, nutrients, and waste; flow is regulated by heart and vessel dynamics.

- Constituents of Blood: Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma, each serving specific functions like oxygen transport and immune response.

- Viscous Behavior of Blood Cells: Blood behaves as a non-Newtonian fluid due to red blood cell interactions, altering flow characteristics.

- Vortex Formation and Arterial Disease: Abnormal blood flow patterns, like vortices, can occur in diseased arteries, leading to plaque formation and increased disease risk.