Ch07_neurocognitive_disorders_to_post

Neurocognitive Disorders

Page 1: Introduction to Neurocognitive Disorders

• Definition and scope of neurocognitive disorders.

Page 2: Self-Reflection Exercise

• Write down the 3 most important people to you.

• Write down the 3 most important things to you.

Page 3: Visual Representation

• Image link representing Alzheimer's disease: Alzheimer's Disease Self-Portrait

Page 5: Neurocognitive Domains

• Description of neurocognitive disorder involving impairments in thinking, memory, and reasoning affecting function and safety.

• Image link: Neurocognitive Domains

Page 6: Defining Dementia in DSM-5

• Change in terminology: The term "dementia" has been replaced with “neurocognitive disorder.”

• DSM-5 distinguishes:

• Mild neurocognitive disorder: Cognitive decline without significant impact on daily function (mild cognitive impairment).

• Major neurocognitive disorder: Cognitive impairment plus functional impairment (dementia diagnosis).

• Importance of identifying the underlying disease process.

Page 7: Prevalence Figures

• WHO estimates dementia prevalence among individuals over 60 is 5-8%.

• Canadian demographic data (2013-2014) on diagnosed dementia, including Alzheimer’s disease.

Page 8: Overview of Key Topics (Repeated)

• Repeat content of Page 4.

Page 9: YouTube Break

• Topic of Alzheimer's disease (AD).

Page 10: Clinical Features of Alzheimer's Disease

• Common symptoms include:

• Loss of memory

• Language problems

• Difficulty in performing simple tasks

• Disorientation in time and space

• Mood and behavioral changes

Page 11: Alzheimer's Timeline

• Early brain changes leading to dementia characterized by:

• Subtle decline in thinking.

• Memory changes and confusion.

• Inability to perform daily tasks independently

• Loss of ability to communicate and recognize loved ones.

Page 12: Pathophysiology of Alzheimer's Disease

• Key features:

• Neurofibrillary tangles

• Amyloid plaques

Page 13: Disease Progression

• Comparison of healthy brain vs. Alzheimer's disease progression stages:

• Mild and severe Alzheimer's classifications.

Page 14: YouTube Break

• Topic: Cognitive Reserve: Nun Study.

Page 15: Risk and Protective Factors for Alzheimer's Disease

• Advanced age and gender (being female) are primary risk factors.

Page 16: Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI)

• Definition: Decline in cognitive abilities beyond normal but not enough to impair daily function.

Page 17: Overview of Key Topics (Repeated)

• Repeat content of Page 4.

Page 18: Non-Alzheimer’s Dementias

• Awareness of various dementia forms:

• Vascular dementia (15-20% cases)

• Parkinson’s disease

• Fronto-temporal dementia (early onset)

• Lewy body dementia

• Alcohol-related dementia

Page 19: Vascular Dementia Overview

• At-risk Groups: Stroke survivors, individuals with advanced heart disease.

• Cause: Lack of blood flow to the brain.

• Symptoms: Confusion, disorientation, difficulty concentrating, potential hallucinations.

Page 20: Current Case Study in the News

• Malcolm Young from AC/DC suffers from dementia post-stroke, leading to a significant decline in memory and recognition.

Page 21: Lewy Body Dementia

• Prevalence: Accounts for 10-20% of cases.

• Symptoms: Memory loss, disorientation, and sleep issues.

Page 22: Frontotemporal Dementia

• Prevalence: Genetic mutations linked.

• Symptoms: Loss of inhibitions, compulsive behavior, language problems.

• Age Factor: Affects individuals as young as 45.

Page 23: Parkinson's Disease and Dementia

• Symptoms: Reasoning and judgment issues, mood changes, and speech impediments.

• Higher risk incidence with age; more common in men.

Page 24: Overview of Key Topics (Repeated)

• Repeat content of Page 4.

Page 25: Delirium Overview

• Definition: Acute mental status deterioration, deficits in attention, altered consciousness, and psychosis.

Page 26: Emotional and Cognitive Disturbances in Delirium

• Emotional: Anxiety, irritability, rapid mood shifts, paranoia.

• Cognitive: Inattention, poor memory, disorientation.

Page 27: YouTube Break

• Topic: Delirium variations.

Page 28: Risk Factors for Delirium

• Include age, with conditions like dementia, stroke, alcohol withdrawal, and surgery.

Page 29: Delirium vs. Dementia

• Onset occurs quickly in delirium; attention fluctuates greatly.

Page 30: Prevention and Management of Delirium

• Addresses risk factors: pain and infection management, hydration, nutrition, sleep, and emotional support.

• Importance of maintaining a supportive environment.

Page 31: Overview of Key Topics (Repeated)

• Repeat content of Page 4.

Page 32: Informal Caregiving Insights

• Informal care comprises over 80% of care for long-term conditions, highlighting the importance of community support.

Page 33: Challenges and Joys of Caregiving

• Positive aspects: Feeling accomplished, closer relationships, while challenges include caregiver burden and mental health risks.

Page 34: Psychosocial Treatments for Alzheimer’s Disease

• Strategies to decrease caregiver burden: education, communication strategies, and support groups.

Page 35: YouTube Break

• Communication strategy for individuals with Alzheimer's Disease.

Page 36: Overview of Key Topics (Repeated)

• Repeat content of Page 4.

Page 37: Driving and Older Adults

• Statistics show older drivers experience fewer fatal crashes per licensed driver; failure in driving safety is a significant concern.

Page 38: Impairments Associated with Driving and Dementia

• Symptoms to observe: confusion, driving errors, getting lost, and traffic sign awareness.

Page 39: YouTube Break

• Topic: Elderly driver challenges.

Page 40: Overview of Key Topics (Repeated)

• Repeat content of Page 4.

Page 41: Stigma Around Alzheimer's Disease

• Common negative effects: shame, humiliation, and co-occurring ageism. High levels of embarrassment reported by individuals diagnosed with dementia.

Page 42: Overview of Key Topics (Repeated)

• Repeat content of Page 4.

Page 43: FAQ Myth Debunking

• Myth: Most older people are senile - False

Page 44: Driving Safety Myths

• Myth: Older people are dangerous drivers - False

Page 45: Overview of Key Topics (Repeated)

• Repeat content of Page 4.