food resources vocab

industrialized agriculture (p. 279) - Using large inputs of energy from fossil fuels (especially oil and natural gas), water, fertilizer, and pesticides to produce large quantities of crops and livestock for domestic and foreign sale. high-input agriculture (p. 279) – see industrialized agriculture plantation agriculture (p. 280) - Growing specialized crops such as bananas, coffee, and cacao in tropical developing countries, primarily for sale to developed countries traditional subsistence agriculture (p. 280) - Production of enough crops or livestock for a farm family's survival and, in good years, a surplus to sell or put aside for hard times. traditional intensive agriculture (p. 280) - Producing enough food for a farm family's survival and perhaps a surplus that can be sold. This type of agriculture uses higher inputs of labor, fertilizer, and water than traditional subsistence agriculture. green revolution (p. 280) - Popular term for introduction of scientifically bred or selected varieties of grain (rice, wheat, maize) that, with high enough inputs of fertilizer and water, can greatly increase crop yields. interplanting (p. 284) - Simultaneously growing a variety of crops on the same plot. polyvarietal cultivation (p. 284) - Planting a plot of land with several varieties of the same crop. intercropping (p. 284) - Growing two or more different crops at the same time on a plot. For example, a carbohydrate-rich grain that depletes soil nitrogen and a protein-rich legume that adds nitrogen to the soil may be intercropped. agroforestry (p. 284) - Planting trees and crops together. alley cropping (p. 284) - Planting of crops in strips with rows of trees or shrubs on each side. polyculture (p. 284) - Complex form of intercropping in which a large number of different plants maturing at different times are planted together. undernutrition (p. 288) - Consuming insufficient food to meet one's minimum daily energy needs for a long enough time to cause harmful effects. malnutrition (p. 288) - Faulty nutrition, caused by a diet that does not supply an individual with enough protein, essential fats, vitamins, minerals, and other nutrients needed for good health. marasmus (p. 288) - Nutritional deficiency disease caused by a diet that does not have enough calories and protein to maintain good health. kwashiorkor (p. 288) - Type of malnutrition that occurs in infants and very young children when they are weaned from mother's milk to a starchy diet low in protein. overnutrition (p. 290) - Diet so high in calories, saturated (animal) fats, salt, sugar, and processed foods and so low in vegetables and fruits that the consumer runs high risks of diabetes, hypertension, heart disease, and other health hazards. fisheries (p. 298) - Concentrations of particular aquatic species suitable for commercial harvesting in a given ocean area or inland body of water. sustainable yield (p. 299) – the size of the annual catch that could be harvested indefinitely without a decline in the population of a species overfishing (p. 299) – taking of so many fish that too little breeding stock is left to maintain numbers commercial extinction (p. 299) - Depletion of the population of a wild species used as a resource to a level at which it is no longer profitable to harvest the species. aquaculture (p. 300) - Growing and harvesting of fish and shellfish for human use in freshwater ponds, irrigation ditches, and lakes, or in cages or fenced-in areas of coastal lagoons and estuaries. fish-farming (p. 301) - Form of aquaculture in which fish are cultivated in a controlled pond or other environment and harvested when they reach the desired size. fish-ranching (p. 301) - Form of aquaculture in which members of a fish species such as salmon are held in captivity for the first few years of their lives, released, and then harvested as adults when they return from the ocean to their freshwater birthplace to spawn. sustainable agriculture (p. 305) - Method of growing crops and raising livestock based on organic fertilizers, soil conservation, water conservation, biological pest control, and minimal use of nonrenewable fossil-fuel energy. low-input agriculture (p. 305) – see sustainable agriculture