BIOLOGY 006 - Study Guide for Exam #1
Upon successful completion of Chapter 1 you will be able to:
1. Describe life's defining characteristics.
2. Identify life's levels of organization and some implications.
3. Describe evolution by natural selection and how it explains life's patterns &
processes.
4. Describe the scientific process and explain its steps.
Make a hypothesis based on given observations and design an experiment to
test it.
o Describe what is a hypothesis, prediction, controlled experiments, independent
and dependent variables
o Describe components of a controlled experiment and give examples
o Differentiate among scientific “theory”, layperson’s definition of “theory"
and hypothesis.
5. Explain how science and society influence each other.
Short Answer Questions:
1. Write one logical, specific & measurable prediction derived from this hypothesis:
“Intelligence is inherited.”
2. Why do controlled experiments provide the most reliable evidence in science?
3. Which characteristic common to all life forms BEST distinguishes them from
NONLIVING matter? Briefly justify your choice.
1. Describe atomic structure and then identify and describe properties of the most
common elements found in cells (basic living unit).
2. Distinguish different types of chemical bonds and explain how they account for the
characteristics of salts and molecules important to life.
3. Describe properties of water that makes it critical to life.
4. Contrast acids from bases and describe the relationship between hydrogen ion
concentration and pH.
5. Contrast inorganic from organic molecules and describe the role of functional
groups in organic molecules.
6. Compare and contrast the four major groups of organic molecules, including their
monomers, structure and function.
7. Describe the processes by which living organisms build larger biomolecules from
smaller ones (dehydration synthesis) and break down biomolecules into smaller
ones (hydrolysis), including the roles water in each.
Upon successful completion of Chapter 6 you will be able to:
1. Explain the Cell Theory and describe the features shared by all cells.
2. Compare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and give examples of
prokaryotic & eukaryotic organisms.
3. Compare the structures of plant and animal cells and describe the structure
function of each cell part and organelles.
o Explain why all actively growing cells are small and propose a hypothesis on
how large eukaryotic cells could have evolved from smaller prokaryotic cells.
o Describe the cell's assembly line to produce and export a protein.
4. Describe membrane in-folding and the endosymbiosis theory as models for the
evolution of eukaryotic cells from prokaryotes.
Upon successful completion of Chapter 7 you will be able to:
1. Describe and label a diagram of the Fluid-Mosaic Model of membrane structure.
Indicate the hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions of the membrane.
2. Define the term selectively permeable and relate it to cell function.
3. Compare and contrast hypotonic, isotonic, and hypertonic solutions.
4. Given a hypothetical scenario involving tonicity draw and describe water
movement into and out of solutions and cells.
5. Compare and contrast the transport mechanisms listed below, including the
direction of movement and the energy source
a. Diffusion
b. Facilitated diffusion
c. Osmosis
d. Active Transport
e. Exocytosis
f. Endocytosis
Short Answer questions:
1. Trace the pathway (route) of a protein for export in a eukaryotic cell.
2. Name special characteristics of water that makes it critical to life.
3. Which group of organics makes up most of cell’s components. Briefly explain
how this group of organics is able to do so many different functions in the cell.
4. Compare & contrast prokaryotic & eukaryotic cells.
Lecture Exercise #1: Scientific Method
Scientific Method: observe, hypothesis, experiment, analysis of data, and conclusions.
- Understand how the scientific method is applied to the “How penicillin was
discovered”
- How did you support or reject the hypothesis?
Lab #1 and 2: Acids, Bases and pH and Solubility in Water
1. How are acidity and pH related?
- As an acid gets stronger (more concentrated), what happens to the concentration
of hydrogen ions? pH?
- If a base gets stronger (more concentrated), what happens to the concentration of
hydrogen ions? pH? - What is neutral?
2. Water soluble, hydrophilic, polar Water insoluble,
hydrophobic, nonpolar
3. Define Amphipathic
What dissolves in polar substances such as water? What dissolves in nonpolar
substance such as oil? Know how to interpret data from these tests.
Lecture Exercise 3 and Lab #3: Organic Substances in Cells
- How do you test for glucose? - Benedict’s solution
- How do you test for starch? - Iodine
- How do you test for proteins? - Ninhydrin
What does a positive test result mean? Negative test result?
Know how to interpret data from these tests to tell if these organic substances are
present in food.
Lecture Exercise 4 and Lab #4 -5: Use of Microscopes and Cell Variation
1. Identify the Parts and Function of the Microscope
2. Describe the Objectives: Scan, Low and High power
- Total Magnification = ocular power x objective power
- What happens to what you see as you increase the objective power? (e.g. field
of view, resolution, amount of light, depth of field)
- What is the orientation of the letter ‘e’
- Which direction do you move the slide if you want the image to move left
3. Procedure:
- Know the procedure to focus, view and move a specimen.
- Storage: Know how to carry, store and put away the microscope.
4. Identify the 3 main parts of a eukaryotic cell that were visible in the lab
- Cell membrane, Cytoplasm
- Nucleus
- chloroplast
- Be able to draw a cheek cell or plant cell and label the main parts
- Identify the 3 main shapes of Prokaryotic cells
Lecture Exercise 5 and Lab #6: Cell Membrane & Diffusion and Osmosis
Define diffusion.
Define Osmosis.
What influences the movement of molecules?
In a solution with different solute concentrations what direction does water move in a
hypotonic solution?, in an isotonic solution?, in a hypertonic solution?