master streams

Will be used in a volume driven fire

Types:

Fixed; permanent through 4 in pipe Deck gun, ARFF turrets

Portable; not permanent, supplied by 3in Blitz, piped waterway, aerial

Modes:

Short-

offensive, fire not structurally a problem

Fire exceeds a quick knockdown

Rapid exterior advance, spreading faster than we can lay a line

! Transitional, quick attack !

Transitional attack

Aggressive attack of interior FROM exterior ALONG with interior line placement

Battling interior fire volume

Quick attack

Master stream used to halt fast growing exterior fire

Battling speed of fire spread

Long-

Defensive

Interior operations no longer safe or practical

Usually total loss situation, roof failure, collapse

Apparatus placement

EN: put out fire TR: make sure engine is successful

TR gets the yard= less dist for carrying tools, better position when utilizing aerial

EN gets the yard= deck gun is used to slow fast moving fire

Types of structures

Multi family low rise with interior stairs

Rapid vertical fire spread spread through attic, large rescue profile

Single family = exposure adjacent DETACHED

multi family = exposure adjacent ATTACHED

Auto exposure- exterior fire spread, use master stream

when doing this, hit seat then head

Fire= where it is Smoke= where it’s going to be

TR placement for rescue w/ max scrub (amt of structure you can reach with aerial)

Rescue closest survivable to fire then work away

Vent single family for LIFE , survivability

Vent multi family for LOCALIZATION, increase fire control

Multi family, exterior stairs

multiple units under common attic w/ exterior access

EN to perform “hot lap” determine best route and location of fire

TR- hug curb away from fire

Short set ladder- outriggers not fully extended on non fire side, 9percent to short side

stop short, pull past for better scrub

Strip centers

Most common variant: flat roof w/ veneer walls, likely parapet

Constructed of UNprotected open web joist

Drop down ceiling? Cockloft

RUN PERPENDICULAR TO LONG WALL WHEN UNSUPPORTED COLUMNS

TR gains access, use TIC, see truss type, condition, and direction

place water early to freeze trusses
signs of wall failure= ~cracks in load bearing wall
~corners pulling apart
~sagging lentils
~failed parapet
~falling veneer
(first wall to fail is perpendicular to truss direction = long wall)

EN alpha side, place stream on trusses

Attack lines

If using truck for piped water alpha side, in direction to exposure near engine

Charlie side for piped water and ventilation

Below grade set? Tr= parallel to storefront and ladder swinging 45 degrees away from cab

Considerations: nozzle angles, can go ⬇135 degrees but not raise up due to ladder rungs

Parapets, place back 1 ½ X parapet height

2nd TR: one on alpha one on Charlie

Alpha= access, piped waterway

Charlie= roof ops

Roof ops nuggets:

cut off fire= trench cut= slows horizontal fire spread, length of building short wall cut

localize fire= release heat, smoke. Behind fire

Taxpayer

Store front with load bearing walls adjacent with occupancies

VOID SPACES

Check vertical extension
master stream= deep into structure as possible as close to seat as possible

Advantages: 2-3 lane road, can stack set engine and truck

Masonry load bearing walls hold floors and roof joists, designed to withstand vertical loads not horizontal failing joist and floor systems

EN pull past and position at far corner

TR stop short of building on opposite corner

Tilt slab

Not sprinkled, wide variety of materials, structure doesn’t reveal use on outside

Must inspect underside of roof due to wide variety of trusses, usually no drop down

Metal shows heat, TIC can only read heat not through things

wood trusses with gusset plates= much greater hazard

EN must attempt to find seat before placement

TR priority is gaining access, set away from seat, perpendicular to trusses

Barn door cuts to not pull fire due to rapid air introduction

2nd TR access to rear

Monolithic multi on top of tilt slab

Business and residential 1st floor is commercial 2-4 floor is residential

Usually has 10 ft ceiling w/ 2 foot void space between floors

4 story can be equivalent to 5

Rescues may only be performed in interior stairwells

! Rapid fire spread in voids!

They use prefab open wed gusset plated trusses

ANY indication of smoke or fire transmit an immediate second alarm, staging at least a block away

High rise

Engine placement dictated by FDC

Deck gun, central master stream= Theoretical vertical reach of 140 ft at 75 degrees nozzle inclination (Max angle for aerial)

Aerial- vertical reach of 140 ft stream

Vertical reach of ladder 103 ft

Theoretical reach of 243 ft, 20 stories

More logical, practical reach is 14 stories at 75 degrees nozzle inclination

Auto exposure is most rapid form of fire spread

Rescue is always fire ground priority

Safer to evacuate through interior stairs

TR placement 34ft from structure (length of bedded ladder) for 4th floor and below ; can reach 6-7 stories

Placement higher than 4th floor, position closer

Max ladder reach is most efficient position turntable off back (greatest strength, closest to structure)

DFR SPECIFICS

NOZZLES: smooth bore; fixed gallonage

Automatic constant pressure fog nozzle

Master streams: Blitz, deck gun, ladder pipe

Smooth bore: earliest invented

Advantages

Volume at low pressure
Minimal stream production
Minimal air entrapment
Stream reach
Stream penetration

oversupplied SB creates a convergent stream; poses as fog stream due to break over

Practical pressure of 80-110 PSI

Automatic constant pressure for nozzle : Invented 1960s by chief McMillian Indiana Task Force

adjusts flow by progressive coil spring

Works like PRV on engine; pressure goes up or down so does the discharge opening

GPMs may change but will provide constant discharge pressure

Automatically adjusts to pressure changes

need more water? Just pump more pressure

Drawbacks: 1. Minimum op pressure of 100 psi, will flow lower but gpm deficient

Max flow rating; max water that can fit through
Nozzle reaction ; based on person, not equipment like the master stream devices

Range of 150-1250 GPM, constant pressure at 100-105 psi

Blitz fire

Aggressive interior knockdown

Max flow from manufacturer is 500, DFR tested up to 600 GPM

2 nozzles ; SB THREE STACK AND DUAL MAX FORCE FOG

FOG; low at 55psi, NP goes down by 50%

High pressure, 100 psi

SMOOTH BORE: TFT STACKED

1 256 GPM

1 ¼ 415 GPM 80 PSI

1 ½ 598 GPM

DECK GUN

RC3 TELESCOPING WATERWAY W HURRICANE RC MONITOR

3 in waterway

1250 GPM

200 max pressure

900 max NP

12” of travel

Nozzles

1250S FOG

100PSI 1250 GPM

SMOOTH BORE STACKED TIPS 4

1.375 500 GPM 200 max psi 80-110 generally

1.5 600 GPM 200

1.75 810 GPM 175

2 1000 GPM 150 110 psi @1250 GPM ; greatest vol and reach

Aerial piped waterway

Ladder:

Horizontal reach 96 ft

Vertical reach 103 ft

Max of 75 degrees incline at 360 rotation

-10 degrees off rear

900-1180 GPM

Monsoon RC monitor

Max 2000 GPM

Max 200 psi

Max NR 1200 lbf

Can rotate 90 degrees left and right

-135 degrees

Nozzles

1250S fog 100 psi 1250 GPM

4 stack SMOOTH BORE

2 1060 GPM

2 ¼ 1350 All at 80 psi

2 ½ 1660

2 ¾ 2010

Supplying master streams

Affecting quality and effectiveness

Water supply, hydrant
Engine capability, hydraulic pump
Flow capacity, friction loss
Min. Required flow rate, monitor and nozzle

Hydrants

Red 500 Dead end

Aluminum 1000 Intra main

Blue 1500 Intra main large

Yellow 1500+ Intra main large industrial

En only has psi intake gauge, does not read GPM

initial PSI for, hydrant is usually 90, don’t go below 20 psi

“Run away from water” pump exceeds available water; hydrant is at its limit

“Run away from pump” ran out of throttle before water

Need another plug?

Discharge capability of your engine
GPM discharge
Capability of hydrant

EN hydraulic pump

Waterous CMV 2 stage centrifugal pump

NFPA rating are established while drafting, 10 ft above, pump has to generate all the pressure, I’m volume

Only switch from pressure to volume when pump required to discharge 50-75% of total GPM rating

Why? -Most fires are hand lines 1st; pressure driven

- assumptions are made on drafting situation

Pump

Impeller takes volume at certain pressure

Uses centrifugal velocity to build on it

Pressure- sends to one impeller, volume goes down because only using one not both impeller.. first #1 adds pressure and passes to the next

Volume- both impellers = up in volume

Both build on pressure passing through independently, pump only boosted once

PRESSURE IS SERIES IS DUAL STAGE

VOLUME IS PARALLEL IS SINGLE STAGE

Volume puts out fire, pressure is tool that drives the volume

Pressure is hammer that drives the nail of volume

Pressure- once perm water established discharge can be between 180-210 psi @ idle

Can generate 600 psi as long as volume is below half rated (750 GPM)

Volume- 3000 GPM while 150-170 psi; 2 5’ lines

Less than 1500 GPM can maintain 300 psi

Typical FF ops = Volume mode

= pre connected line, deck gun, aerial, portable master streams, overhaul

Pressure mode =

high rise situations

Standpipe NO PRV, fire floor over 10th floor
Standpipe has PRV building exceeds 10 stories
Excess of 250 psi or 350 compounded

Flow capabilities

Diameter, length of hose
Elevation changes
Friction loss

1 ¾ 15 per section

2 ½ 5 per section

5 per floor

Standpipe riser:

Not equipped with PRV you estimate EL up to top control (highest floor needing hose line)

Equipped with PRV you est EL to roof of building(length of riser)

Master streams FL 25 per appliance

Deck gun

Aerial

Blitz

Fire ground FL of 10 psi

Trimese

Gated wye

Manifolds

Water thief

Impacts

5 min for mod structures

10 min for large Longer ? No knockdown? Prepare for long duration operation

Master stream placed ? Wait at least 20 min for re entry