2.1

2.1 Cell Structure Subcellular Components - 

  • All living cells have genome and ribosomes ( reflecting common ancestry of all known life) 

  • Ribosomes synthesize protein according to mRNA sequence & instructions encoded in mRNA sequence originate from the genome of the cell

Structure & Function of Ribosomes: 

  • Ribosomes consist of 2 subunits that are NOT membrane enclosed

  • Made of rRNA and proteins

  • Synthesize protein according to mRNA sequence 

Structure & Function of ER (eukaryotic only):

  • ER is network of membrane tubes within cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells

  • 2 forms 

    • Rough er 

      • Has ribosomes attached to membrane 

      • Compartmentalizes the cell 

        • Associated with packaging the newly synthesized proteins made by attached ribosomes for possible export from the cell

    • Smooth er 

      • No ribosomes attached 

      • Functions include detoxification and making lipids

Structure & Function of Golgi Complex:

  • Series of flattened membrane bound sacs found in eukaryotic 

  • Involved in correct folding and chemical modification of newly synthesized proteins and packaging for protein trafficking 

Structure & Function of mitochondria:

  • Double membrane (inner and outer) 

    • Outer is smooth

    • Inner is highly convoluted, forming folds called cristae

  • Functions in production of ATP energy that eukaryotic cells can use for cell work 

Structure & Function of lysosomes:

  • Membrane enclosed sacs found in some eukaryotic cells that contain hydrolytic enzymes 

  • Hydrolytic enzymes can be used to digest a variety of materials such as damaged cell parts or macromolecules 

Structure & Function of vacuoles : 

  • Membrane bound sacs found in eukaryotic cells

  • Play variety of roles ranging from storage of water and other macromolecules to the release of waste from a cell 

Structure & Function of chloroplasts: 

  • Found in eukaryotic cells like photosynthetic algae and plants

  • Double outer membrane

  • Specialized for capturing energy from the sun and producing sugar for the organism