A2.2
all living things are composed of cells
Every that was ever alive is made of cells
Cell are the smallest unit of life
contain organelles
Cells only arise from pre-existing cells
Mitosis
All life evolved from simple ancestors
meiosis generates gametes
Theory is different than colloquial use.
*well substantiated
*explains the natural world
*based on body of facts
*repeatedly confirmed
*through observation /experimentation - rigorous testing
no cells
no homeostasis
don’t grow
cant reproduce by themselves
cannot perform independent metabolism
Life is a self sustaining chemical system capable of Darwinian evolution
All cells have
Trend: a prevailing tendency or generalization
Discrepancy: does not fit the trend, or atypical
Plasma membrane
Separate exterior from interior, bilayer formed from phospholipids
allows homeostasis
cytosol
cytosol vs cytoplasm
cytosol is fluid, essential to metabolism and dissolves solutes (made of water
cytoplasn is fluid plus anything contained within (organelles)
Deoxyribonuleic Acids (DNA)
genetic code, needed for making news cells
needed for reproduction and evolution
ribosomes (Synthesize proteins)
uses DNA to make proteins
prokaryotes have smaller 70s ribosomes
eukaryotes (us) have 80s ribosomes
Red blood cells (erythrocytes)
transports oxygen
no nucleus
no mitochondria
No DNA
Baby blood cells have nucleus and stuff, lose them as they mature
Aseptate Fungal Hyphae
tubal projections of multicellular fungi
make network
no individual cells
continuous cytoplasm
more than one nuclei
Skeletal Muscles
During development, cells fuse
multi-nucleis
large cells
cells fuse together when maturing
Need lots of nuclei to make lots of proteins
Phloem Sieve Tubes
specialized cells of phloem
transports sugars
Lose nucleus/organelles during developments
more space to transport
Companion cells on the outside of them to provide all the organelles
Microscopes make little things big by magnifying them.
Magnifying is how much bigger something looks compared to how it is.
Resolution is how clear something is.
Light microscopes
cover less things
are cheaper.
They have worse resolution.
easy to use
see living and dead specimens in color
cell movement can be observes
max magnifications is ~1500x
low resolution
stuff is upside down and backwards
Methylene blue: dyes genetic material
flourescent dyes: absorb and reemit light, glow
immunoflorescence: use antibodies to bind to particular substances
electron microscopes
100,000 to 300,000x magnifying
high resolution
expensive
cells must be killed
no movement observed
no color
can’t use dyes
take up lots of space
Freeze Fracturing: Samples rapidly frozen, causes them to split at weakest point and can determine cell membrane
Cyrogenic electron microscopy: uses liquid ethane to freeze one layer of protein, produce different patterns based on electron configuration and then computers generate a 3d image
Micrograph = image obtained from a microscope
Measure the scale bar
20 mm
Convert the measurement to scalebar units
1mm = 1000 micrometers (count the zeros in scientific notation)
20 mm = 20,000 micrometers
Take what you measured and divide it by what the scale bar says
20,000 micrometers/10 micrometers
2,000x (units cancel, add x)
Cell wall: a rigid non-cellulose structure that surrounds cells
Cytosol: The gel-like fluid inside the cell membrane where metabolic reactions occure
Pili: Hair-like protein structures that allow cells to attach to things
Plasma membrane: Phospholipid bilayer that surrounds the cell and controls the movement of materials into and out of a cell
Nucleoid: A dense region of DNA in a prokaryotic cell
Ribosomes: Direct protein Synthesis
Flagella: Long, thin, whip-like structures that enable movement
Flagella: Allows cell motility in unicellular eukaryotes (&prokaryotes)
Plasma Membrane: Phospholipid bilayer that surrounds the cell and controls the movement of materials into and out of a cell
Cytosol: Fluid within the plasma membrane where organelles are found
Free 80s Ribosomes: sythesize proteins for use inside the cell
Cell Wall: Supports and maintains the shape of plant cells
Nucleus: Surrounded by a double membrane with pores, it containes the cell;s DNa
Free Ribosomes: Sythesis of proteins for use in the cell
Golgi Aparatus: Stores, modifies, and packages proteins
Vacuoles & Vesicles: Single membrane sacs used for storage and transport (Vesicles are darker and carry proteins, vacuoles carry water and are clear)
Lysomes: Contain digestive enzymes, and can fuse with vesicles containing damaged organelles
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (rER) : Synthesis of proteins for use outside the cell
Chloroplast: Site of the formation of organic compounds via photosynthesis
Centrioles: Assemble microtubules for the spindle in mitosis
Mitochondrion: The site of aerobic respiration, produces ATP
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (sER): Branched network of tubular membranes that synthesizes lipids, phospholipids, and steroids
DNA does not have histoids in prokaryotes
Nucleiod: Main DNA of the cell
Plasmid: Extra DNA
Small, circular
naked
Replicates ind. from nucleiod
not in all prokaryotes
can be shared
often contained antibiotic resistance genes
little rings floating around
Bacteria comes in three shapes
Rods (bacilli)
Can form chains
Spheres (Cocci)
Forms chains and clusters
Spirals (Spirochete)
Hard to kill
Bad news
Plants are autotrophs and multicellular (and weird)
Fungi can be unicellular (yeast) or multicellular (mushrooms)
Animals do not have cell walls, the most diverse
Animals and fungi don’t have plastids, plants do: chloroplasts and amyloplasts
Fungi plant walls are made of chitin, plants are made of cellulose
Animals have small temporary vacuoles, fungi and plants have large permanent vacuoles
Animals have centrioles to help in cell division, plants and fungi don’t (except ones with swimming male gametes)
Endulipodia are present in many animal cells (ex. sperm) , none in fungi and plants (except ones with swimming male gametes)
all living things are composed of cells
Every that was ever alive is made of cells
Cell are the smallest unit of life
contain organelles
Cells only arise from pre-existing cells
Mitosis
All life evolved from simple ancestors
meiosis generates gametes
Theory is different than colloquial use.
*well substantiated
*explains the natural world
*based on body of facts
*repeatedly confirmed
*through observation /experimentation - rigorous testing
no cells
no homeostasis
don’t grow
cant reproduce by themselves
cannot perform independent metabolism
Life is a self sustaining chemical system capable of Darwinian evolution
All cells have
Trend: a prevailing tendency or generalization
Discrepancy: does not fit the trend, or atypical
Plasma membrane
Separate exterior from interior, bilayer formed from phospholipids
allows homeostasis
cytosol
cytosol vs cytoplasm
cytosol is fluid, essential to metabolism and dissolves solutes (made of water
cytoplasn is fluid plus anything contained within (organelles)
Deoxyribonuleic Acids (DNA)
genetic code, needed for making news cells
needed for reproduction and evolution
ribosomes (Synthesize proteins)
uses DNA to make proteins
prokaryotes have smaller 70s ribosomes
eukaryotes (us) have 80s ribosomes
Red blood cells (erythrocytes)
transports oxygen
no nucleus
no mitochondria
No DNA
Baby blood cells have nucleus and stuff, lose them as they mature
Aseptate Fungal Hyphae
tubal projections of multicellular fungi
make network
no individual cells
continuous cytoplasm
more than one nuclei
Skeletal Muscles
During development, cells fuse
multi-nucleis
large cells
cells fuse together when maturing
Need lots of nuclei to make lots of proteins
Phloem Sieve Tubes
specialized cells of phloem
transports sugars
Lose nucleus/organelles during developments
more space to transport
Companion cells on the outside of them to provide all the organelles
Microscopes make little things big by magnifying them.
Magnifying is how much bigger something looks compared to how it is.
Resolution is how clear something is.
Light microscopes
cover less things
are cheaper.
They have worse resolution.
easy to use
see living and dead specimens in color
cell movement can be observes
max magnifications is ~1500x
low resolution
stuff is upside down and backwards
Methylene blue: dyes genetic material
flourescent dyes: absorb and reemit light, glow
immunoflorescence: use antibodies to bind to particular substances
electron microscopes
100,000 to 300,000x magnifying
high resolution
expensive
cells must be killed
no movement observed
no color
can’t use dyes
take up lots of space
Freeze Fracturing: Samples rapidly frozen, causes them to split at weakest point and can determine cell membrane
Cyrogenic electron microscopy: uses liquid ethane to freeze one layer of protein, produce different patterns based on electron configuration and then computers generate a 3d image
Micrograph = image obtained from a microscope
Measure the scale bar
20 mm
Convert the measurement to scalebar units
1mm = 1000 micrometers (count the zeros in scientific notation)
20 mm = 20,000 micrometers
Take what you measured and divide it by what the scale bar says
20,000 micrometers/10 micrometers
2,000x (units cancel, add x)
Cell wall: a rigid non-cellulose structure that surrounds cells
Cytosol: The gel-like fluid inside the cell membrane where metabolic reactions occure
Pili: Hair-like protein structures that allow cells to attach to things
Plasma membrane: Phospholipid bilayer that surrounds the cell and controls the movement of materials into and out of a cell
Nucleoid: A dense region of DNA in a prokaryotic cell
Ribosomes: Direct protein Synthesis
Flagella: Long, thin, whip-like structures that enable movement
Flagella: Allows cell motility in unicellular eukaryotes (&prokaryotes)
Plasma Membrane: Phospholipid bilayer that surrounds the cell and controls the movement of materials into and out of a cell
Cytosol: Fluid within the plasma membrane where organelles are found
Free 80s Ribosomes: sythesize proteins for use inside the cell
Cell Wall: Supports and maintains the shape of plant cells
Nucleus: Surrounded by a double membrane with pores, it containes the cell;s DNa
Free Ribosomes: Sythesis of proteins for use in the cell
Golgi Aparatus: Stores, modifies, and packages proteins
Vacuoles & Vesicles: Single membrane sacs used for storage and transport (Vesicles are darker and carry proteins, vacuoles carry water and are clear)
Lysomes: Contain digestive enzymes, and can fuse with vesicles containing damaged organelles
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (rER) : Synthesis of proteins for use outside the cell
Chloroplast: Site of the formation of organic compounds via photosynthesis
Centrioles: Assemble microtubules for the spindle in mitosis
Mitochondrion: The site of aerobic respiration, produces ATP
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (sER): Branched network of tubular membranes that synthesizes lipids, phospholipids, and steroids
DNA does not have histoids in prokaryotes
Nucleiod: Main DNA of the cell
Plasmid: Extra DNA
Small, circular
naked
Replicates ind. from nucleiod
not in all prokaryotes
can be shared
often contained antibiotic resistance genes
little rings floating around
Bacteria comes in three shapes
Rods (bacilli)
Can form chains
Spheres (Cocci)
Forms chains and clusters
Spirals (Spirochete)
Hard to kill
Bad news
Plants are autotrophs and multicellular (and weird)
Fungi can be unicellular (yeast) or multicellular (mushrooms)
Animals do not have cell walls, the most diverse
Animals and fungi don’t have plastids, plants do: chloroplasts and amyloplasts
Fungi plant walls are made of chitin, plants are made of cellulose
Animals have small temporary vacuoles, fungi and plants have large permanent vacuoles
Animals have centrioles to help in cell division, plants and fungi don’t (except ones with swimming male gametes)
Endulipodia are present in many animal cells (ex. sperm) , none in fungi and plants (except ones with swimming male gametes)