The steam engine and from there railroads and factories expanded as well as increased access to resources and distribution of goods.

The next technological wave was known as the second industrial revolution… chemicals, steel, precision machinery, and electronics.

The Coal Revolution→ Initially streams had powered the first factories with water power. James Watt introduced the steam engine which helped to harness coal power to make steam cheaply. This made energy for machinery.

Water transportation→ coal-powered steam engines could be built anywhere and be used on ships and trains, can be on and off when needed, and were highly dependable. As a result boats/ships didn’t have to rely on winds for power and were replaced by steam-powered ships. Coaling ships were critical point on trade routes as refueling points.

Iron→ coal helped with mass production of iron. As iron processes improved and yielded higher outputs, other products such as coke and cast iron were introduced.

A Second Industrial Revolution→ key players were US, Great Britain and Germany. Early innovation were textiles, steam power, and iron. Later, steel, chemicals, precision machinery, and electronics.

Steel Production→ mass production of steel was made possible because of the Bessemr Process which involves blasting molten metal with air. The process modified over time to create strong steel.

Oil→ oil wells were drilled. Petroleum was derived from plant and animal remains. Kerosene was used from this for lighting and heaters. Precision machinery and internal combustion engine

Electricity→ led to street lighting and electric street trains

Communications→ alexander graham bell invents the telephone. Radio is developed by Gugliemo Marconi and becomes a popular form of mass media

Global Trade and Migration →railroads, steamships, and the telegraph allowed for exploration, development, and communication. The Transcontinental Railroad helped to connect the Atlantic and Pacific oceans and brought industrial growth. It helped to transport natural resources and build an industrial nation. Desire for capital, money for business was the driving force. Products of industrialization were global and were protected by establishing colonies.