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Piaget’s theory of cognitive development

  • Sensorimotor stage (birth-2)

    • Using five senses

    • Object permanence and self-recognition

    • Primary circular reactions

    • Secondary circular reactions

    • Tertiary circular reactions

    • Representational thought

  • pre-operation stage (2-7)

    • Language and pretend to play

    • Egocentrism

    • Animism

  • concrete operational stage (7-11)

    • Logical thought

    • Empathy

    • Seriation

  • formal operational stage

    • Think hypothetically


Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development

  • Sociocultural perspective

  • Zone of proximal development (ZPD)


Erickson's eight stages of psychosocial development

  • Trust vs mistrust (0-18 months)

    • Trust those who can fulfill basic needs

    • Separation anxiety

  • Autonomy vs shame (18months - 3 year)

    • Control actions and establish independence

  • Initiative vs guilt

    • Leadership roles

    • Development of feelings when making a mistake

  • Industry vs inferiority

    • Seeking approval and acceptance

  • Identity vs role confusion

    • Trying new things and impressionable

  • Intimacy vs isolation

    • Seek long-term relationships

  • Generativity vs stagnation

    • Productive activities and personal fulfillment

  • Integrity vs despair

    • Reflection


Gross motor skills

  • Large muscle movement

Fine motor skills

  • Smaller muscles


Developmentally appropriate practice (DAP)

  • The practice of adjusting curriculum and activities to fit the needs of individuals, considering age, cultural and social expectations


Gardener’s theory of multiple intelligences

  • Visual/spatial, logical – mathematical, verbal – linguistic, bodily – kinesthetic, interpersonal, interpersonal, musical, naturalistic


Developmental Play Stages

  • Solitary play

    • Birth to two years

  • Onlooker play

    • Two years

  • parallel play

    • 2 to 3 years

  • associative play

    • 3 to 4 years

  • cooperative play

    • Four years and beyond


Purposeful play strengthens physical motor development by allowing students to move their bodies and games, running, jumping, etc.


Learning theories

  • Constructivism

    • Jean Piaget

    • Students connect what they learn to previous experiences and background knowledge.

  • Humanism

    • Carl Rogers

    • Creating a positive learning environment by ensuring that students basic hierarchy of needs are met

  • Collectivism

    • George Siemens & Stephen Downes

    • Learning occurs by making connections across topics

  • Experiential learning

    • David Kolb

    • Students learn best through physical interaction. Classrooms should be student-led

  • Multiple intelligences

    • Howard Gardner

    • Students learn best when instruction is catered to their dominant intelligence. (learning style)


Interdisciplinary

  • Several subjects are incorporated into one lesson

Intradisciplinary

  • Several elements of a topic are incorporated into one lesson


Flexible instruction grouping can include students with the same or varied abilities, depending on the learning objective.



  • Diagnostic

    • Used before instruction to determine student prior understanding

  • Formative

    • Given while students are still learning

      • Existing strengths

      • Gaps in knowledge or skills

      • Misconceptions and errors

      • Usually ungraded

    • Can include

      • Discussion questions

      • Practice activities

      • Checklists

      • Notes

      • Rough Drafts

      • Observations

  • Summative

    • Given at the end of the lesson

    • Identify if objectives have been met

    • Identify areas where learning gaps still exist

    • Measure student progress over time

  • Benchmark

    • Occurs less frequently

    • Includes state and district standardized tests


FERPA


COPPA


IDEA


FAPE


LRE


IEP


504


BIP