Muscular System Section 2

Organs/Structures of the Muscular System

1. muscle – tissue that consists of cells that contract; bundles, sheets or rings of parallel muscle fibers that contract and relax to produce movement

2. cartilage – a​ rubber-like padding that covers and protects the ends of​ bones, provides structure to the rib​ cage, and helps give shape to the ears and nose

3. tendon – a band of strong fibrous tissue that attach the muscles to the bones

4. fascia – a sheet of fibrous connective tissue that wraps muscle

3 Types of Muscle

5. skeletal muscle/ voluntary muscle – muscle that is directly or indirectly connected to bone and controlled by conscious thought

6. smooth/visceral muscle – a smooth, involuntary muscle located in the walls of hollow organs and blood vessels; visceral because it is found in organs and smooth based on its appearance

7. cardiac muscle – a specialized, involuntary muscle only found in the heart; the middle layer of the heart is muscle; aka. – myocardium

8. involuntary muscle – muscles under the control of the subconscious regions of the brain; (i.e. – smooth and cardiac muscles)

How Skeletal Muscles are named

9. Muscle location – biceps brachii (brachii = arm), gluteus medius (medius = middle)

10. Size –gluteus maximus (maximus = biggest); gluteus minimus (medius = small)

11. Number of attachments – biceps = two heads, triceps = three heads, quadriceps = four heads

Muscle Movements w/Muscle Types as r/t Movement

12. action – the type of movement a muscle produces

13. extension – reaching or spreading out; the straightening of a limb (arm or leg) at a joint

14. flexion – the bending or flexing of a joint

15. abduction – the movement away from the midline of the body

16. adduction – the drawing toward the midline of the body

17. eversion – turning outward, such as turning the foot outward at the ankle

18. inversion – turning inward, such as turning the foot inward at the ankle

19. elevation – moving a body part up, such as shrugging shoulders or the up action in chewing gum

20. circumduction – movement in a circular direction from a central point

21. rotation – the movement of a bone around its own axis

22. pronation – the rotation of the hand causing the palm of the hand to face downward

Names & location of the major muscles and/or muscle groups

The shoulders

23. trapezius muscles – the medial shoulder muscles as well as the upper back muscles. They extend from the base of the occipital bone of the skull downward to the scapulae (shoulder blades) and the thoracic vertebrae

24. deltoid muscles – the lateral shoulder muscles; form the rounded contour of the shoulder

The chest

25. The pectoralis muscles are the muscles of the chest.

The arms

26. biceps brachii – the muscle of the upper arm, between the anterior shoulder and the anterior aspect of the elbow

27. brachial – pertaining to the arm

28. triceps brachii – the muscle on the back of the upper arm between the posterior aspect of the shoulder and elbow

The buttocks

29. gluteus muscles – the buttocks are comprised of three muscle groups (aka. –glutes); gluteus maximus, gluteus medius and gluteus minimus muscles

The Legs

30. quadriceps femoris– a group of four large muscles that comprise the front of the thigh (aka. “Quads”)

Terms related to movement

31. kinesiology – the study of movement

32. bradykinesia – having slow movement, as in the elderly

33. hypokinesia – having an insufficient amount of movement

34. hyperkinesia – having an excessive amount of movement

35. dyskinesia – having difficult or abnormal movement

Terms related to muscle tone and size

36. atonia – the lack of muscle tone/no muscle tone

37. atrophy – muscle wasting; a decrease in the size of muscle d/t poor development as a result of disease or lack of use

38. hypertonia– an increased/excessive muscle tone; can be induced with strength/endurance training

39. hypertrophy – excessive development/increase in muscle bulk as a result of use, such as with weightlifting

40. hypotonia– decreased tone or tension in muscle

41. muscular dystrophy – a group of inherited diseases that are characterized by weakness and atrophy of muscle without involvement of the nervous system; leads to a progressive disability and loss of strength

Pain & general muscle & tendon disorders

42. adhesion – scar tissue forming in the fascia surrounding a muscle, making it difficult to stretch the muscle

43. contracture – abnormal shortening of muscle fibers, tendons, and fascia, making it difficult to stretch a muscle

44. dystonia – having abnormal muscle tone

45. intermittent claudication – attacks of severe pain and lameness, caused by ischemia of the muscles, typically the calf muscles

46. muscle spasm/cramp – sudden, involuntary contraction of muscle

47. muscular dystrophy – a group of inherited diseases that are characterized by weakness and atrophy of muscle without involvement of the nervous system; leads to a progressive disability and loss of strength

48. myalgia/myodynia – muscle pain

49. myasthenia – muscle weakness

50. myorrhexis – the tearing or rupture of a muscle

51. polymyositis – the simultaneous inflammation of two or more muscles

52. sprain - is a traumatic injury, such as overstretching or tearing, of a ligament

53. strain – damage to a muscle or a tendon, resulting from overuse, overstretching or excessive force

54. tendonitis – inflammation of a tendon

55. tenodynia – tendon pain

56. tetany – a severe form of muscle spasm/cramping characterized by persistent contractions of muscles

57. torticollis –a painful condition characterized by contraction of the muscles of the neck that causes the head to tilt or turn toward one side

Diagnostic Procedures

58. electromyography – study and record the strength and quality of muscle contractions as a result of electrical stimulation

59. electromyogram – the physical or electronic record produced by a electromyograph

Surgical Procedures

60. tenorrhaphy – to suture a tendon

61. fasciotomy – surgical procedure that cuts into the fascia

62. myoplasty – surgical repair of a muscle

Pharmacology

63. muscle relaxants – medication prescribed to relieve muscle spasms

64. corticosteroids – the class of drugs that are produced naturally in the adrenal cortex of the kidney and are used for their strong​anti-inflammatory properties

65. nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs – drugs that provide relief from inflammation, like steroids, without the steroid component; provide anti-inflammatory benefits and mild-moderate pain relief; include Aleve (naproxen sodium, aspirin, and Motrin(ibuprofen)

Muscular System Word Parts

Combining Forms

fasci/o fibrous band

flex/o to bend

kinesi/o movement

later/o side

my/o, myos/o, muscul/o muscle

ten/o or tend/o or tendin/o tendon

Suffixes

-algia or -dynia pain

-asthenia weakness

-kinesia movement

-tomy cutting into

-pathy disease

-plasty surgical repair

-rrhaphy suture

-rrhexis rupture

-trophy development/nutrition

Prefixes

1. without

brady- slow

dys- abnormal, difficult

hyper- excessive

hypo- insufficient

poly- many

• myo- muscle