American Pageant Chapter 13/14 Study Guide: Jacksonian Era Economics and Social Reform
Market Economy - free economy
Increase of population by a higher birth rate and immigration
(Immigration was not a key factor, high birth rate was)
Transportation revolution
Increase in capitalism
Regional specialization
American System, promoted more integration in economy
As well as the global economy, becoming more interconnected as well
A growing demand and employment in factory jobs
Increased urban migration
An agricultural shift away from subsistence farming (for self-sufficiency) towards commercial farming (for profits)
These were advancements made to society, making a more efficient economy.
The Lowell System made women work as well so that they had an excuse to pay low wages to them, therefore not creating bigger issues regarding money
American cities like New York, Chicago, and New Orleans boomed because of a higher birth rate and increased immigration.
New York - A metropolis
Chicago - “Hog of the World”
Effects:
Rats, bad sewage, improper garbage disposal, just bad stuff
Boston pioneered a sewer system
New York pioneered water supply and got rid of disease-carrying mosquitos
Irish potato famine - The irish migrated to the United States as a result of the dying and rotting potatoes in their land. Because of the lack of food from this potato famine, Irish began migrating to America to find more resources and to stay alive.
Various political failures in Europe -
Settled in cities like Boston
Did hard labor for very low wages
Suffered from prejudice (Preconceived opinions not based on reason or actual experience).
“Native” Americans thought they were stealing jobs
Many were catholic and faced anti-catholic hate
Politically important support for the democratic party
Tammammy Hall - NY
Did not receive good treatment
Forced to fend for themselves
Remained in low-skill occupations for very little pay
Improved by acquiring small properties
Reaped patronage awards as they got public office
Know Nothing Party - Group of nativists who advocated for immigration restrictions, deportation, etc
Nativists - Thought that immigrants took jobs from Americans, would outvote the “native” Americans and ruin the American culture
Eli Whitney | Cotton Gin, Interchangeable parts |
---|---|
Samuel Slater | “Father of the factory system,” which allowed for mass production, |
Samuel Morse | Telegraph, revolutionized communication |
Cyrus McCormick | The McCormick reaper, which cut and gathered more crops |
Elias Howe | Sewing Machine, boosted northern industrialization (sewing went from homes to factories) |
Colst | Firearms |
Goodyear | Rubber tires |
As the market economy developed, different regions specialized in different industries.
North - industrial revolution
West - agriculture (wheat, livestock), the nation’s bread basket
South - cash crops/global economy, all about cotton
Regional specialization overshadowed national needs.
Increased the need for slaves
If they have that tool, slaves can work faster so more slaves = rapid increase in cotton production w/ the tool
Northern factories purchased the produced cotton
Planters cleared more and more land for cotton
Cotton Kingdom pushed westward
Yankee machines put out avalanches of textiles
America's Industrial Revolution first blossomed in cotton textiles
Mass production was possible due to factories. One such factory was the Lowell Factory System in Lowell, Massachusetts.
Worked by New England women and immigrants for low wages, long hours, and horrible conditions
Unsanitary buildings, workers forbidden to form unions (see commonwealth v hunt)
Used an assembly line
“Wage slaves”
Allowed labor unions in Massachusetts, but no major labor union movement manifested until later.
Changing family dynamics as women and children leave the home to work in factories, the home was a special place for women that was their “realm”
The cult of domesticity is the glorification that women are meant to work in the home and tend to the children
Further instigated by a child-centralized family unit as the birth rate increased
Effects:
Families become close-knit and affectionate
Emotional refuge in the face of capitalization
Families smaller (fertility rate dropped)
The coastal south had less impact on specific regions.
STEAMBOAT - made transportation costs cheaper
Turnpikes like the CUMBERLAND ROAD -
ERIE CANAL - linked great lakes with the hudson river, a canal boom manifested in the 1820’s-30’s
Linked northeast and midwest
RAILROADS - ended up being more fast and reliable than a canal
Led to an explosion of construction technology in the north
Faced opposition from canal builders
Impacts:
A continental economy emerging with extended markets
A controversy on who should pay for transportation revolution: federal or state governments?
Concerned about lack of religious fervor
Ideas of Deism and Unitarianism spread
Wave of revivals spreading across the country
“Camp meetings”
Charles Finney
Huge increase in numbers for methodists and baptists
Personal conversion rather than predestination
Democratic control of church affairs
Emotional worship
Increase in evangelicalism in following reform movements:
Prison reform
Education reform
Temperance movement
Women’s movement
Anti-Slavery
Key role of women in religion, they were majority of new church members
Less revelation, more reliance on reason
Less bible, more science
Believed in god/a supreme power
Technically kind of like transcendentalists
Not industrialized religion
Ex: Jefferson
Humans can achieve salvation through good works
Humans have free will
Spinoff of less extreme puritanism
BELIEVE IN 1 GOD, disagreed with holy trinity
Joseph Smith - created the church of Jesus Christ of the Latter-Day saints, traveled to llinois, murdered in 1844 (said he got messages written on golden plates, book of mormon)
Brigham Young leads Smith’s followers to Utah (to the west), develops a separate community called New Zion
Created a prosperous cooperative community
Number of people increased as birth rate in settlements increased
Mormons’ Utah was not admitted as a state due to their controversial issues of polygamy.
Details:
After establishing a religious oligarchy, Smith ran into issues with his non-Mormon neighbors, first in Ohio, then Missouri, then Illinois.
He and other mormons believed that they should antagonize rank-and-file Americans, who were individualistic and dedicated to free enterprise.
Joseph Smith also had many accusations and was reputed to have several wives.
The falling torch was then reclaimed by a remarkable Mormon Moses named Bringham Young.
Wealthy Americans started to think about public education as needed to educate the now diversified voter base.
Worked to reform mental health treatment
Traveled country to document the issues, leading to professional treatment for mentally ill
Women resisted their substandard position society -- democratization did not apply to many women
Some women are very involved in temperance+abolitionist movements
It was mainly abt the suffrage of people
Seneca Falls Convention - 1st national meeting amongst women, “all men and women are created equal,” demanded right to vote, beginning of women’s rights movement
The movement was overshadowed by the abolitionist movement, women must wait until 1920
Susan B. Anthony (women's rights.)
Elizabeth Cady Stanton (luv u sm <3)
Grimke Sisters (abolitionist movement.)
Margaret Fuller - (women's rights activist that works along with Elizabeth Cady Stanton, she traveled around the country delivering speeches in favor of women's suffrage. SUSAN B ANTHONY WANNABE DOOP???!!)
Lucrecia Mott (also an abolitionist, grimke sisters doop !?!?!?!)
Strived to create a “utopian” society, move away from conventional societal expectations
Mormons valued communal effort
Brook farm was a secular society inspired by transcendentalism
New Harmony, tried to answer questions posed by industrialization (the inequality that it brought)
Louisa May Alcott was an American novelist, short story writer, and poet best known as the author of the novel Little Women and its sequels Little Men and Jo's Boys.
In search of autonomy, Alcott was a seamstress, governess, maid, and teacher before becoming an author
Grew up during the transcendalist movement
Joined the Boston transcendalists
Editor for the movement’s journal
Launched series of paid seminars to encourage scholarly discussions amongst elite women
1845 - Published Women In The Nineteenth Century
Critique of gender roles, shaped the womens rights movement
Fuller sailed to Europe and took part in the Italian revolution for a republic
Died in a shipwreck while returning to the US
Truth “transcends” the senses
Every person contains an inner light that can reveal the truth
Transcendentalist thinker - Ralph Waldo Emerson, stressed self reliance, wrote “the american scholar” to challenge Americans to define arts and culture
Also: Henry David Thoreau, “on the duty of civil disobedience,” and “walden” refuses to pay taxes because it was unjust, inspired people like Ghandhi and MLK
Civil disobedience = peaceful resistance
Henry David Thoreau published a pamphlet called “Resistance to Civil Government,” later renamed “On The Duty of Civil Disobedience”
All men have the right to revolt against corrupt government
In a country where so many people are enslaved, a revolt is coming
Spread idealistic thought worldwide
Influenced Gandhi and MLK
In the mid-1800s, American historians began to emerge.
George Bancroft - Father of American History
Predominantly New Englanders
Usually abolitionist, looked at the south with scorn
Received criticism for this viewpoint
Womens Rights | Utopian Communties | Education |
---|---|---|
OneidansElizabeth Cady StantonSusan B. AnthonyGrimke SistersMargaret FullerHawthorneLousia May Alcott | OneidansShakersLittle Harmony | OneidansHorace MannOwenDorothea DixCatherine BeecherIrving |
Literature/Writers | Temperance Movement | Abolitionists |
---|---|---|
Louisa May AlcottMargaret FullerIrvingRalph Waldo EmersonNathaniel HawthorneAllen Poe | The American Temperance SocietySusan B. Anthony | TocquevilleWhittierCharles FinneyGrimke SistersShakersSusan B Anthony |
Market Economy - free economy
Increase of population by a higher birth rate and immigration
(Immigration was not a key factor, high birth rate was)
Transportation revolution
Increase in capitalism
Regional specialization
American System, promoted more integration in economy
As well as the global economy, becoming more interconnected as well
A growing demand and employment in factory jobs
Increased urban migration
An agricultural shift away from subsistence farming (for self-sufficiency) towards commercial farming (for profits)
These were advancements made to society, making a more efficient economy.
The Lowell System made women work as well so that they had an excuse to pay low wages to them, therefore not creating bigger issues regarding money
American cities like New York, Chicago, and New Orleans boomed because of a higher birth rate and increased immigration.
New York - A metropolis
Chicago - “Hog of the World”
Effects:
Rats, bad sewage, improper garbage disposal, just bad stuff
Boston pioneered a sewer system
New York pioneered water supply and got rid of disease-carrying mosquitos
Irish potato famine - The irish migrated to the United States as a result of the dying and rotting potatoes in their land. Because of the lack of food from this potato famine, Irish began migrating to America to find more resources and to stay alive.
Various political failures in Europe -
Settled in cities like Boston
Did hard labor for very low wages
Suffered from prejudice (Preconceived opinions not based on reason or actual experience).
“Native” Americans thought they were stealing jobs
Many were catholic and faced anti-catholic hate
Politically important support for the democratic party
Tammammy Hall - NY
Did not receive good treatment
Forced to fend for themselves
Remained in low-skill occupations for very little pay
Improved by acquiring small properties
Reaped patronage awards as they got public office
Know Nothing Party - Group of nativists who advocated for immigration restrictions, deportation, etc
Nativists - Thought that immigrants took jobs from Americans, would outvote the “native” Americans and ruin the American culture
Eli Whitney | Cotton Gin, Interchangeable parts |
---|---|
Samuel Slater | “Father of the factory system,” which allowed for mass production, |
Samuel Morse | Telegraph, revolutionized communication |
Cyrus McCormick | The McCormick reaper, which cut and gathered more crops |
Elias Howe | Sewing Machine, boosted northern industrialization (sewing went from homes to factories) |
Colst | Firearms |
Goodyear | Rubber tires |
As the market economy developed, different regions specialized in different industries.
North - industrial revolution
West - agriculture (wheat, livestock), the nation’s bread basket
South - cash crops/global economy, all about cotton
Regional specialization overshadowed national needs.
Increased the need for slaves
If they have that tool, slaves can work faster so more slaves = rapid increase in cotton production w/ the tool
Northern factories purchased the produced cotton
Planters cleared more and more land for cotton
Cotton Kingdom pushed westward
Yankee machines put out avalanches of textiles
America's Industrial Revolution first blossomed in cotton textiles
Mass production was possible due to factories. One such factory was the Lowell Factory System in Lowell, Massachusetts.
Worked by New England women and immigrants for low wages, long hours, and horrible conditions
Unsanitary buildings, workers forbidden to form unions (see commonwealth v hunt)
Used an assembly line
“Wage slaves”
Allowed labor unions in Massachusetts, but no major labor union movement manifested until later.
Changing family dynamics as women and children leave the home to work in factories, the home was a special place for women that was their “realm”
The cult of domesticity is the glorification that women are meant to work in the home and tend to the children
Further instigated by a child-centralized family unit as the birth rate increased
Effects:
Families become close-knit and affectionate
Emotional refuge in the face of capitalization
Families smaller (fertility rate dropped)
The coastal south had less impact on specific regions.
STEAMBOAT - made transportation costs cheaper
Turnpikes like the CUMBERLAND ROAD -
ERIE CANAL - linked great lakes with the hudson river, a canal boom manifested in the 1820’s-30’s
Linked northeast and midwest
RAILROADS - ended up being more fast and reliable than a canal
Led to an explosion of construction technology in the north
Faced opposition from canal builders
Impacts:
A continental economy emerging with extended markets
A controversy on who should pay for transportation revolution: federal or state governments?
Concerned about lack of religious fervor
Ideas of Deism and Unitarianism spread
Wave of revivals spreading across the country
“Camp meetings”
Charles Finney
Huge increase in numbers for methodists and baptists
Personal conversion rather than predestination
Democratic control of church affairs
Emotional worship
Increase in evangelicalism in following reform movements:
Prison reform
Education reform
Temperance movement
Women’s movement
Anti-Slavery
Key role of women in religion, they were majority of new church members
Less revelation, more reliance on reason
Less bible, more science
Believed in god/a supreme power
Technically kind of like transcendentalists
Not industrialized religion
Ex: Jefferson
Humans can achieve salvation through good works
Humans have free will
Spinoff of less extreme puritanism
BELIEVE IN 1 GOD, disagreed with holy trinity
Joseph Smith - created the church of Jesus Christ of the Latter-Day saints, traveled to llinois, murdered in 1844 (said he got messages written on golden plates, book of mormon)
Brigham Young leads Smith’s followers to Utah (to the west), develops a separate community called New Zion
Created a prosperous cooperative community
Number of people increased as birth rate in settlements increased
Mormons’ Utah was not admitted as a state due to their controversial issues of polygamy.
Details:
After establishing a religious oligarchy, Smith ran into issues with his non-Mormon neighbors, first in Ohio, then Missouri, then Illinois.
He and other mormons believed that they should antagonize rank-and-file Americans, who were individualistic and dedicated to free enterprise.
Joseph Smith also had many accusations and was reputed to have several wives.
The falling torch was then reclaimed by a remarkable Mormon Moses named Bringham Young.
Wealthy Americans started to think about public education as needed to educate the now diversified voter base.
Worked to reform mental health treatment
Traveled country to document the issues, leading to professional treatment for mentally ill
Women resisted their substandard position society -- democratization did not apply to many women
Some women are very involved in temperance+abolitionist movements
It was mainly abt the suffrage of people
Seneca Falls Convention - 1st national meeting amongst women, “all men and women are created equal,” demanded right to vote, beginning of women’s rights movement
The movement was overshadowed by the abolitionist movement, women must wait until 1920
Susan B. Anthony (women's rights.)
Elizabeth Cady Stanton (luv u sm <3)
Grimke Sisters (abolitionist movement.)
Margaret Fuller - (women's rights activist that works along with Elizabeth Cady Stanton, she traveled around the country delivering speeches in favor of women's suffrage. SUSAN B ANTHONY WANNABE DOOP???!!)
Lucrecia Mott (also an abolitionist, grimke sisters doop !?!?!?!)
Strived to create a “utopian” society, move away from conventional societal expectations
Mormons valued communal effort
Brook farm was a secular society inspired by transcendentalism
New Harmony, tried to answer questions posed by industrialization (the inequality that it brought)
Louisa May Alcott was an American novelist, short story writer, and poet best known as the author of the novel Little Women and its sequels Little Men and Jo's Boys.
In search of autonomy, Alcott was a seamstress, governess, maid, and teacher before becoming an author
Grew up during the transcendalist movement
Joined the Boston transcendalists
Editor for the movement’s journal
Launched series of paid seminars to encourage scholarly discussions amongst elite women
1845 - Published Women In The Nineteenth Century
Critique of gender roles, shaped the womens rights movement
Fuller sailed to Europe and took part in the Italian revolution for a republic
Died in a shipwreck while returning to the US
Truth “transcends” the senses
Every person contains an inner light that can reveal the truth
Transcendentalist thinker - Ralph Waldo Emerson, stressed self reliance, wrote “the american scholar” to challenge Americans to define arts and culture
Also: Henry David Thoreau, “on the duty of civil disobedience,” and “walden” refuses to pay taxes because it was unjust, inspired people like Ghandhi and MLK
Civil disobedience = peaceful resistance
Henry David Thoreau published a pamphlet called “Resistance to Civil Government,” later renamed “On The Duty of Civil Disobedience”
All men have the right to revolt against corrupt government
In a country where so many people are enslaved, a revolt is coming
Spread idealistic thought worldwide
Influenced Gandhi and MLK
In the mid-1800s, American historians began to emerge.
George Bancroft - Father of American History
Predominantly New Englanders
Usually abolitionist, looked at the south with scorn
Received criticism for this viewpoint
Womens Rights | Utopian Communties | Education |
---|---|---|
OneidansElizabeth Cady StantonSusan B. AnthonyGrimke SistersMargaret FullerHawthorneLousia May Alcott | OneidansShakersLittle Harmony | OneidansHorace MannOwenDorothea DixCatherine BeecherIrving |
Literature/Writers | Temperance Movement | Abolitionists |
---|---|---|
Louisa May AlcottMargaret FullerIrvingRalph Waldo EmersonNathaniel HawthorneAllen Poe | The American Temperance SocietySusan B. Anthony | TocquevilleWhittierCharles FinneyGrimke SistersShakersSusan B Anthony |