Classification of Mental Illness Practice Flashcards

Institutional and Course Context

• Institution: FCT College of Nursing, Gwagwalada.
• Course: Mental Health Nursing.
• Lead Professional: Nurse Ibrahim H.
• Instructional Qualifications: RN, RM, RPMHN, RNE, BNSc, PGDE, MNSc, PhD (In View).

Introduction to Mental Illness Classification

• Mental disorders are defined as disturbances affecting thoughts, emotions, behaviors, or general functioning.
• Accurate classification is fundamental for:
  • Precise diagnosis.
  • Strategic treatment planning.
  • Consistent communication between diverse healthcare professionals.

Global Classification Systems

There are two primary international frameworks used for the categorization of mental disorders:

• A. ICD-$11$ (International Classification of Diseases, $11$th Edition):

  • Developed by the World Health Organization (WHO).
  • Applied globally across public health initiatives and clinical environments.
  • Relevant Section: Chapter $06$, titled "Mental, Behavioural or Neurodevelopmental Disorders."

• B. DSM-$5$ (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, $5$th Edition):

  • Developed by the American Psychiatric Association (APA).
  • Used extensively within the United States and prioritized in academic research settings.
  • Characterized by more detailed and technical diagnostic criteria compared to the ICD.

Major Categories of Mental Disorders in ICD-$11$ and DSM-$5$

$1$. Neurodevelopmental Disorders

• Onset occurs during childhood.
• Key conditions include:
  • Autism Spectrum Disorder.
  • Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).
  • Intellectual Disability.
  • Learning Disorders.

$2$. Schizophrenia and Other Primary Psychotic Disorders

• Key conditions include Schizophrenia, Schizoaffective Disorder, and Delusional Disorder.
• Primary symptoms include hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized thinking patterns.

$3$. Mood (Affective) Disorders

• Depressive Disorders: Includes Major Depressive Disorder and Persistent Depressive Disorder.
• Bipolar Disorders: Includes Bipolar $I$, Bipolar $II$, and Cyclothymia.

$4$. Anxiety and Fear-Related Disorders

• Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD).
• Panic Disorder.
• Phobias, including social anxiety and specific phobias.

$5$. Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders

• Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD).
• Body Dysmorphic Disorder.
• Hoarding Disorder.

$6$. Stress-Related Disorders

• Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD).
• Acute Stress Reaction.
• Adjustment Disorder.
• Classification Note: DSM-$5$ separates PTSD as its own category, while ICD-$11$ includes a specific designation for Complex PTSD.

$7$. Dissociative Disorders

• Dissociative Amnesia.
• Dissociative Identity Disorder.
• Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder.

$8$. Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders

• Conditions where physical symptoms cannot be fully explained by an underlying medical condition.
• Includes Somatic Symptom Disorder and Illness Anxiety Disorder.

$9$. Feeding and Eating Disorders

• Anorexia Nervosa.
• Bulimia Nervosa.
• Binge Eating Disorder.

$10$. Substance Use and Addictive Behaviors

• Disorders involving substances such as alcohol, cannabis, and opioids.
• ICD-$11$ specifically includes Gaming Disorder under the umbrella of addictive behaviors.

$11$. Personality Disorders

• Defined as long-standing, maladaptive traits in personality.
• Examples: Borderline, Antisocial, Narcissistic, and Avoidant Personality Disorders.

$12$. Neurocognitive Disorders

• Disorders characterized by cognitive decline.
• Includes Dementia, Alzheimer's Disease, and Delirium.

$13$. Impulse Control Disorders

• Includes Intermittent Explosive Disorder, Kleptomania, and Pyromania.

$14$. Sexual and Gender-Related Disorders

• DSM-$5$ Classification: Uses the term Gender Dysphoria.
• ICD-$11$ Classification: Uses the term Gender Incongruence and has moved this category out of the mental disorders chapter into a dedicated chapter for sexual health.

$15$. Sleep-Wake Disorders

• Insomnia.
• Narcolepsy.
• Sleep Apnea (Classified under medical disorders in DSM-$5$, though referenced regarding psychiatric comorbidity).

$16$. Paraphilic Disorders

• Includes Exhibitionism, Voyeurism, and Pedophilic Disorder.

Functional and Qualitative Comparison of ICD-$11$ and DSM-$5$

Broad Classification: Neurosis vs. Psychosis

Mental illnesses are broadly categorized based on the severity and the individual's level of contact with reality.

Comparative Features

Examples of Neurosis (Non-Psychotic Disorders)

• Anxiety Disorders.
• Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD).
• Somatoform Disorders.
• Neurasthenia.
• Depressive Neurosis.

Examples of Psychosis (Severe Mental Disorders)

• Schizophrenia.
• Bipolar Affective Disorder (when psychotic features are present).
• Severe Depression with Psychotic Features.
• Delusional Disorder.
• Substance-Induced Psychosis.

Etiological Classification (Underlying Causes)

Categorizing disorders by contributing factors or underlying causes assists in targeted treatment and nursing interventions.

• $1$. Organic Mental Disorders (Biological/Physical Cause):

  • Results from known physical or biological origins affecting brain function.
  • Examples: Dementia (e.g., Alzheimer’s), Delirium, Amnestic disorders, Brain tumors, or Traumatic injuries.

• $2$. Functional (Psychogenic) Mental Disorders (Psychological Cause):

  • No identifiable physical cause; primarily linked to emotional or psychological stress.
  • Examples: Anxiety, Depression, Somatic symptom disorder, Conversion disorder.

• $3$. Substance-Induced Mental Disorders:

  • Triggered by the use of or withdrawal from psychoactive substances.
  • Examples: Alcohol-induced mood disorder, Drug-induced psychosis.

• $4$. Developmental Disorders (Neurodevelopmental Cause):

  • Originate in early development; often genetic or neurological.
  • Examples: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), ADHD, Intellectual disabilities.

• $5$. Psychotic Disorders (Severe Mental Illness):

  • Involve a loss of contact with reality driven by genetic, biochemical, or stress factors.
  • Examples: Schizophrenia, Schizoaffective disorder.

• $6$. Mood Disorders (Affective Disorders):

  • Stem from chemical imbalances or trauma affecting emotional regulation.
  • Examples: Major Depressive Disorder, Bipolar Disorder.

• $7$. Personality Disorders (Psycho-social/Developmental Cause):

  • Long-term maladaptive traits affecting personal relationships and general functioning.
  • Examples: Borderline Personality Disorder, Antisocial Personality Disorder.

• $8$. Trauma and Stressor-Related Disorders (Environmental/Psycho-social Cause):

  • Triggered by specific traumatic or stressful life events.
  • Examples: PTSD, Adjustment Disorders.