Trespass: Unlawful interference
Common Law: (i) Law established by court judgments; (ii) Law from common law courts rather than the Court of Chancery.
Legislation: Law passed by Parliament in statutes.
Equity: Principles/rules administered by the Court of Chancery before the Judicature Acts 1873-1875.
Stare Decisis: "Stand by what has been decided" - must be persuaded that the earlier case was binding and relevant.
Ratio Decidendi: Reason for a decision; legal principle on which the court's decision is based.
Obiter Dictum: Judge's comments on law not necessary for case decision.
Precedent Overruled: When a superior court sets a new precedent, deciding the earlier one was wrong.
Per Incuriam: Applies when a previous court was unaware of a relevant binding authority.
Specific Performance: Court order to compel a party to fulfill a contractual promise.
Injunction: Order requiring a party to either do something (mandatory) or refrain from doing something (prohibitory).
Declaration: Legally binding statement by a court regarding rights, existence of facts, or legal principles.
Rescission: Setting aside a contract due to misrepresentation, mistake, duress, or undue influence.
Rectification: Correcting a document to reflect parties' intentions.
Primary Legislation: Acts of Parliament put forth as Bills, debated and passed by both Houses.
Secondary/Subordinate Legislation: Law created by ministers under powers from a parent Act to elaborate on primary legislation.
Public Act: Relates to public matters, debated in both Houses.
Private Act: Relates to specific individuals or organizations, usually initiated by proposals.
Government Bill: Represents the policy of the current government, drafted by parliamentary officials.
Private Members' Bill: Promoted by a particular Member of Parliament through a ballot system.
Senedd Cymru Act: Forms of primary legislation giving Welsh Ministers powers to make secondary legislation.
Statutory Interpretation: Determining Parliament's intent in legislation.
Literal Rule: Words in a statute are given their ordinary meaning.
Golden Rule: Words given ordinary meaning unless it produces inconsistency or absurdity.
Mischief Rule: Examines original purpose of legislation.
Purposive Approach: Reflects modern judges' interpretive methods based on legislators' intent.
Contemporary Approach: Considers ordinary meaning in the statute's context to avoid absurdity.
Linguistic Presumptions: Help interpret legislation
Expressio Unius est Exclusio Alterius: Expression of one thing excludes others.
Ejusdem Generis: General words limit to same kind as specific words.
Noscitur a Sociis: A word is understood by its context.
Summary Criminal Offences: Minor offences tried in magistrates' courts.
Triable Either Way Offences: Mid-range offences tried in either magistrates' or Crown Court.
Indictable Offences: Serious offences tried in Crown Court.
Judicial Committee of the Privy Council: Advises the Crown, not binding on English courts.
Criminal Cases Review Commission (CCRC): Reviews alleged miscarriages of justice, can refer cases back to the Court of Appeal.
Small Claims Track: County court for claims under £10,000.
Fast Track: County court for claims between £10,000-£25,000.
Intermediate Track: For claims limited to monetary relief not exceeding £100,000.
Multi-Track: Claims over £25,000 with complexity.
Tribunals: Specialist bodies for administrative/regulatory cases, reformed in 2007.
Coroner's Courts: Investigate unknown or unnatural deaths. Verdict is the Coroner's decision.
King's Bench Division (KBD): Handles common law business, contract disputes, and tort claims.
Administrative Court: Appeals related to administrative obligations of government/public bodies.
Chancery Division: Handles business and property cases, significant area for equity.
Family Division: Deals with cases related to children and family issues.
Leapfrog Appeal: Direct appeal to the Supreme Court in significant cases.
Paralegal: Provides legal services but is unregulated.
Chartered Legal Executive (CLE): Lawyer qualified through CILEx, requires supervision unless a CILEx Practitioner.
Barristers: Qualified lawyers with full rights of audience, regulated by the Bar Standards Board.
Judicial Assistants: Support judges with case management and research.
Court Personnel: Includes Ushers, Legal Advisers, and Court Clerks.
Judicial Independence: Judges make decisions free from external pressures.
Jury Equity: A jury can acquit regardless of law or evidence, illustrated in cases like R v Ponting.
Jury System Evaluation: Balances public participation, skills, costs, distress to jurors, and potential bias.
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