Global History Regents (copy)
Anything highlighted in green isn’t included in the flashcard!!!!!
The period in European history when reasoning (logic) was used to understand and improve society.
Key ideas:
Enlightenment philosophers believed society would be improved by using reason and natural law.
They believed that governments receive their authority from the people and not from God.
They also believed in democracy.
Scientific Revolution & Enlightenment both encouraged the spread of new ideas & use of reason
Key people:
John Locke - Believed in natural rights and the right to overthrow a government that fail to protect these rights.
Montesquieu - Power should be separated and there should be a system of checks and balances.
Voltaire - Believed that everyone has freedom of speech and religion.
Rousseau - Society is a social contract (Agreement amongst everyone to ensure that they’ll work for the greater good).
The Enlightenment led to:
The philosophers above believed that the people can overthrow governments and this caused political revolutions to occur in France, Latin America, and the United States.
Enlightened Despots - European kings and queens who believed in Enlightenment ideas and ruled by their principles
The people of France overthrew King Louis XVI and fought for more rights.
Key reasons/causes:
French society was divided into three estates (social classes). The Third Estate included mostly peasants and they had less rights than the other estates and were taxed the most out of the three.
France was ruled by absolute monarchs who abused their power and denied the rights of the people.
Ideas of Enlightenment inspired the French people to revolt and overthrow their kings and advocated for a new government that protected their rights.
France was economically unstable because the kings would spend way too much money and basically put France in debt. This led to them taxing the 3rd Estate.
Key events:
Declaration of the Rights of Man - This document gave equal rights to the men of France and created a fair system of taxation.
Reign of Terror - The leaders of the French Revolution executed thousands of people that were loyal to the king. The Jacobins (extreme group) led this event and Robespierre was the leader.
Key effects:
King Louis XVI was executed by Robespierre & the Jacobins.
The middle class of France gained more power & rights.
Napoleon Bonaparte was the ruler who came into power at the end of the French Revolution who expanded France territory. He made French people feel pride in their country (nationalism).
Napoleon was then defeated in 1812 for invading Russia during the winter which resulted in the death of his soldiers.
Slaves in the French colony Saint Domingue (Haiti) revolted & fought for their independence.
Key Causes:
France colonized Haiti & used slave labor to get access to the island's natural resources.
Haiti was divided into 4 social classes that all has different issues: grand blancs, petit blancs, free black people, enslaved people.
Mistreatment & Racism towards black people
Influenced by the Enlightenment & French Revolution to revolt
Key Events:
Boukman Rebellion 1791 - slave revolt led by Dutty Boukman, eventually becoming a revolution.
Napoleon sends General Charles Leclerc to restore French rule but Haitians , lead by Dessalines & Christophe, successfully beat them.
Key People:
Toussaint L’Ouverture - leader of Haitian revolution & military strategist.
Key Effects:
Haitian Independence
Haiti is forced to pay reparations to France
Haiti’s land is left alone from years of overproduction
They fought for independence from Spain, Portugal, and France.
Key Causes:
Governments were controlled by Peninsulares (People from Spain & Portugal) who treated Latinos poorly. Creoles (Europeans born in Latin America), Mestizos (mixed Europeans/Native Americans), Native Americans, and African slaves demanded more rights.
Ideas of Enlightenment, American and French Revolution inspired them to fight for independence and overthrow their government.
Key People who helped gain Independence for Latin America:
Simon Bolivar
Jose de San Martin
Miguel Hidalgo
Toussaint L’Ouverture
They’re all considered nationalists. There was several attempts to unite all the countries but natural boundaries such as the Amazon Rainforest prevented communication between regions.
Industrial Revolution - The change of producing goods by hands to producing goods with machines in factories. It begin in Great Britain because there was many natural resources such as coal, iron, tin, lead, and waterways.
Key Effects:
Bad working conditions: Workers in factories worked in risky conditions for a long period of time and low pay. Most of the workers were also children.
Formation of Labor Union: Workers formed labor unions that fought to improve the pay & working conditions of workers.
Laws were passed to end child labor and to set minimum wage.
Laissez Faire Capitalism (Market Economy) - This was the economical system used during the industrial revolution based on the ideas that businesses and factories should be owned by individuals instead of the government and the price and decisions should be made by the individuals.
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels - They believed that capitalism was bad. They thought that it allows factory owners to exploit factory workers. They also wrote a book called the Communist Manifesto that basically states how the Bourgeoisie (wealthy factory owners) would exploit the Proletariat (poor factory workers) to earn more money and they basically wanted the Proletariat to revolt against it and eliminate capitalism.
The idea of Marx & Engels became the foundation of Communism and inspired the Soviet Union and China.
Nationalism - Pride for your country. Usually develops in areas where people share a common language, culture, and history.
Up until 1870, Italy and Germany weren’t countries. Instead they were areas that were divided into many different states, each with its own government.
Due to the feelings of Nationalism, Italian speaking people wanted to combine their separate states into one nation with one government. The German-speaking people also wanted to combine their separate states to form one nation.
Unification of Italy - Italy combined their separate states into one nation in 1870
Unification of Germany - Germany combined their separate states into one nation in 1871, all thanks to Otto von Bizmarck who used the “blood and iron” policy to unify German lands.
Great Britain colonized Ireland in 1801
Potato famine - (1845 - 1850) About 1 million Irish people died of famine when their potato crops failed to grow because of potato blight.
Over 1 million Irish people migrated to the United States to escape the famine & find more opportunities.
Due to nationalism, many Irish people didn’t want to be ruled by Great Britain so they fought for independence so Southern Ireland gained independence in 1921.
During the 19th century, many European nations such as Great Britain, France, Germany , and Italy conquered colonies in Africa and Asia.
Reasons for Imperialism:
Europeans wanted natural resources in order to make goods in factories
“White man’s Burden” - This racist poem encouraged Europeans to civilize the people they conquered by westernizing them.
Social Darwinism - It was natural for powerful countries to take over weaker countries.
Scramble for Africa - Over 90% of Africa was conquered by western countries
Imperialism in China - The British began to smuggle opium into China, causing China to fight back in the Opium war where they lost and were forced to open up trade markets that were controlled by different European nations.
Imperialism in India - India was taken over by Great Britain and ruled for almost 200 years.
Key Events:
Sepoy (Indian Soldiers) Mutiny - Rebellion where India tried to gain independence but failed.
Boxer Rebellion - Rebellion where China tried to gain independence but failed.
(1600 - 1854) Japan was isolated and wanted little to no contact with the rest of the world.
(1854) Commodore Matthew Perry of the U.S. sailed into Japan to force them to open up trade markets.
Meiji Restoration (1868 - 1912) - Japan was ruled my Emperor Meiji and during his ruling, Japan was being modernized and westernized.
During the Meiji period, Japan became a powerful and modernized country and started to colonize other countries.
Japanese imperialism - Japan took over Korea and part of China for natural resources.
World War I - Global Military Conflict fought in Europe
Reasons for WWI:
Militarism - Countries in Europe built up their armies and their supplies in the late 1800s
Alliances - Countries in Europe divided themselves into two military alliances (The Triple Alliance and Triple Entente) to prepare for war in Europe.
Imperialism - Europeans countries competed with each other for colonies in Africa and Asia and the Balkans (Southeastern Europe)
Nationalism - Ethnic groups in the Balkans wanted independence from Austria-Hungary and they were willing to fight for it
WWI started when Archduke Ferdinand (the heir to the throne of Austria Hungary) was assassinated by Slavic nationalists in the Balkans.
Treaty of Versailles - This treaty ensured the end of WWI and punished Germany in multiple ways. Germany was forced to accept blame for causing WWI, pay reparations, reduce the size of its military, and forced to give up some of their colonies.
This caused the start of WW2 because Germany thought it was unfair.
Key Effects:
Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire were broken apart and their land was used to create new nations in Eastern Europe such as Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia.
Armenians Massacre - During WWI the Turks of the Ottoman Empire attempted to kill all of the Armenians that lived in their territory.
Women in Europe gained suffrage since they helped out by working in factories.
The people of Russia overthrew their Czar (king) and created a new government.
Reasons for Russian Revolution:
WW1 - Russians suffered many casualties and WW1 created food shortages at home.
Czar Nicholas II - He abused his power by denying the rights of the people.
Bolsheviks - They were a radical group that lead the Russian Revolution. The leader was Vladimir Lenin and they gained support of the Russians by promising to provide “Peace, Land, and Bread.” This meant that Russia would be removed from WW1, given land, and be feed.
Effects of Bolshevik Revolution:
Czar Nicholas II was executed.
Lenin and the Bolsheviks came to power in Russia.
Russia became a communist nation.
After WWI, totalitarian dictatorships were established in 3 countries under 3 men:
The Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin.
Italy under Benito Mussolini.
Germany under Adolf Hitler.
Characteristics in common:
Censorship - They ended freedom of speech, and the governments controlled the media of their nation.
One political party - Only the political party of the dictators was allowed to exist.
Stalin’s political party - The Communists
Mussolini’s political party - The Fascists
Hitler’s political party - The Nazis
People were expected to place the needs of their nation before their needs.
They eliminated opposition by using a secret police force.
They used propaganda.
Hitler and Mussolini came to power because Germany and Italy were facing economic problems such as inflation and unemployment and the people believed they can solve those problems.
Stalin established a Command (Communist) economy - The government owns the businesses, make business decisions, and sets prices.
Five-Year Plan - Stalin tried to modernize the industry and agriculture by setting economic goals every five years.
Collectivization - Stalin took over individual farms (private property) and forced people to live on collective farms (large farms) owned by the government.
Stalin stripped Ukraine of their food when they fought against his program of collectivization which led to millions of people dying in Ukraine.
World War II was fought in Europe and on the islands of the Pacific Ocean.
Japanese Aggression:
Japan took over Korea, Manchuria (northeastern China), and much of Southeast Asia to gain natural resources.
Rape of Nanking - The Japanese raped and killed Chinese civilians in Nanking city.
Italian Aggression - Benito Mussolini of Italy invaded and took over Ethiopia
Germany Aggression - Adolf Hitler violated the Treaty of Versailles by doing:
Building up the German military and drafting soldiers into the army.
Placing soldiers in the Rhineland (Area between Germany and France).
Hitler took over the neighboring country of Austria and Czechoslovakia.
The League of Nations - International organization created after WWI in order to prevent war. It failed to stop Hitler, Mussolini, and Japan.
Appeasement - This is a policy where an aggressive nation is given what they want by other nations to avoid war.
Munich Conference - Germany, Italy, France, and Great Britain appeased Hitler by giving him control over Czechoslovakia. This led Hitler to demand even more land.
WWII started when Hitler invaded Poland in 1939 which caused Britain and France to declare war on Germany.
Invasion of Poland - This event started WWII. Poland was defeated by Germany because they lacked natural boundaries (they had flat plains, it was east to conquer them)
Pearl Harbor - Japan attacked United States
Hitler failed to conquer Russia at the Battle of the Stalingrad due to harsh climate and large size of the nation.
D-day Invasion - The beginning of the final allied push against Germany which resulted in Germany’s defeat.
Atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki - The Final event of World War II. The U.S. bombed Japan which caused Japan to surrender soon after.
The Holocaust - During World War II, Hitler and the Nazis tried to kill all jews. 6 million Jews and 6 million non-Jews were killed.
The United Nation was formed to solve international problems and prevent future wars. 191 nations currently belong to the United Nations and they’re made up of 6 main bodies. 4 of them are:
The Security Council - Keeps peace between nations.
International Court of Justice - Settles disputes between countries.
General Assembly - Votes on key policies of the United Nations
Secretariat - Responsible for day-to-day administration of the United Nations
Declaration of Human Rights - A document created by the United Nations that lists all the rights that all people should have within their nations.
Nuremberg Trials - Court case where the surviving Nazis were put on trial. 19 Nazi leaders were executed or sentenced to imprisonment for their crimes against humanity.
The Nuremberg Trial demonstrated that people will be held accountable for their actions.
The Cold War - A war between the United States and the Soviet Nation that last 50 years. It was called cold because they didn’t directly fight each other.
The Soviet Union took over small nations of Eastern Europe and turned them into communist satellites after WWII.
Iron Curtain - The imaginary line dividing the democratic countries of Western Europe from the communist countries of Eastern Europe.
Containment - The policy where United States attempted to stop the spread of communism.
Examples of Containment:
Truman Doctrine - The U.S. gave $400 million in economic and military aid to Greece and Turkey to help them defeat communist groups within their countries.
Marshall Plan - The U.S. gave $13 Billion to the countries of Western Europe to help them rebuild after WWII.
Crisis in Germany:
After WWII, Germany was divided into 2 nations, West Germany was a democratic nation and East Germany was a communist nation.
Berlin Wall - Concrete wall built by the communists to prevent people from East Germany (Communist) from escaping to West Germany (Democratic).
Berlin Airlift - The U.S., Britain, and France flew in supplies to the people of West Germany after Stalin set up a blockade (Berlin Wall).
Military alliances were formed by both sides in order to prepare for war.
NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) - A military alliance between the U.S., Canada, and the democratic nations of Western Europe. They agreed if one of the nations involved in this alliance were attacked, they would all be attacked.
Warsaw Pact - A military alliance between the Soviet Union and the other communist nations of Eastern Europe.
Hungary Revolution of 1956 - When Hungary (a communist satellite) tried to break away from Soviet control, the Soviet Union sent in the army and ended the rebellion.
Arms race - The U.S. and the Soviet Union competed to build up the largest supply of nuclear weapons.
Cuban Missile Crisis - The United States found out that the Soviet Union was building missile bases in Cuba (a communist nation) and pointing them at the U.S. and the crisis ended when the Soviet Union agreed to remove them. This was the closest we have ever gotten to a nuclear war between countries.
During the Cold War, Korea and Vietnam were both divided into 2 separate countries and one side of each country became communist and the other side became democratic. The Korean War and the Vietnam War occurred afterwards and now Vietnam is a communist nation and Korea is still separated into two political parties, communist and democratic.
Decolonization - Nations colonized by western nations finally gain independence.
After WWII, India gained independence from Great Britain with the help of Mohandas Gandhi
In order to stop conflict from Hindus and Muslims, the region that Great Britain colonized was separated into two countries which was India and Pakistan. Although the conflict was settled, there’s still tension between the Hindus and Muslims because the countries claim to have control of Kashmir.
After independence, India established a democratic government and they followed a policy of nonalignment during the Cold War.
Caste (lower social classes) Systems - There’s discrimination in rural areas since tradition remains strong there and discrimination against the lower class is very severe.
(1945 - 1980) The nations of Africa gained independence from the Western nations. Two leaders that fought to gain independence were Jomo Kenyatta (Gained Kenya’s independence) and Kwame Nkrumah (Gained Ghana’s independence)
South Africa Independence:
Even after they were independent, White South Africans still controlled the government there and established a racist system, the apartheid. The Black South Africans were segregated from 1948 until 1990.
Nelson Mandela - He was a Black South African nationalist leader who fought against Apartheid who was imprisoned by the White South African government for 27 years and later voted to be the first Black South African President after the apartheid came to an end in 1990.
Rwanda after Independence - During the 1990s, The Tutsis and Hutus had conflict in the African nation of Rwanda.
Rwandan Genocide (1994) - The Hutus slaughtered 800,000 Tutsis in only a few months.
(1953 - 1954) Cambodia and Vietnam gained independence from France.
Ho Chi Minh - Vietnamese nationalist leader who led a 8-year war against France to gain independence for Vietnam.
Vietnam after Independence - Vietnam was divided into two countries: Communist North Vietnam and Democratic South Vietnam. After the Vietnam War, they reunited and turned into a communist nation.
Cambodia after Independence - Cambodia was ruled by a Communist group called the Khmer Rouge led by Pol Pot.
They led Cambodia from 1975-1979 and they denied the people of their human rights and killed 2 million Cambodians.
Mohandas Gandhi, Kwarme Nkrumah, Jomo Kenyatta, Nelson Mandela, and Ho chi Minh are all nationalists.
In 1949, after 22 years of a civil war, China adopted communism.
Mao Zedong was the first Communist dictator of China and he gained the support of peasants because he promised to provide them with their own land once Communists came to power.
Great Leap Forward - This was Mao’s attempt to modernize the industrial and agricultural production in China by forcing peasants to move onto large government farms (similar to Stalin’s Five-Year Plan and Collectivization)
Cultural Revolution - Mao used violent young Communist soldiers (Red Guards) to eliminate all of the opposition that he had
Deng Xiaoping - The capitalist ruler that came after Mao Zedong and changed the economy into a capitalist economy.
Tiananmen Square Protest/Massacre 1989 - The Chinese peacefully demanded democratic changes (reforms) where they wanted more rights and a say in government. Deng Xiaoping calls in the army to handle the protests and that led to hundreds of Chinese protestors being killed.
Those who were interested in the Middle east because they:
Arab Nationalists - wanted independent states that emerged from the collapse of the Ottoman Empire
European Nationalists - wanted control of trade routes and resources (mainly oil) from the region
Zionists - wanted to establish a Jewish homeland
Creation of Israel - Part of the Holy Land was used to create the Jewish nation of Israel.
Many Palestinians who lived in the region were displaced which caused ongoing tension between the two groups.
Ataturk founded an independent Turkish state as the Ottoman Empire was falling and he made reforms to modernize, secularize, and westernize Turkey.
The Shah - He proclaimed himself King after his father and was an absolute monarch who abused his power. He wanted to modernize, secularize, and westernize Iran.
Ayatollah Khomeini - He came to power after the Iranian Revolution and established a Theocracy (Involving Islam) and he wanted to be traditional, nonsecular and not westernized.
Green Revolution (Began 1960s) - The use of technology to increase the food supply by improving irrigation (supply of water), machinery, fertilizer, pesticides, and better seeds and livestock.
The Green Revolution helped increase food production and decrease hunger in areas of Asia, Latin America, and Africa and had been very successful in India.
Human rights are the basic rights that all humans are supposed to have. These include freedom of speech, freedom of religion, the right to vote, and the right to live.
Genocide - The attempt to exterminate an ethnic group.
Genocide is a violation of human rights.
Examples of genocides are:
Armenian Massacre - The Turks of the Ottoman Empire murdered about one million Armenians during WWI
Ukrainian Famine - Joseph Stalin took away food from Ukrainians.
Holocaust - Hitler and Nazis murdered 6 million Jews during WWII
Rwanda - The Hutus killed almost one million Tutsis in 1994
Cambodia - Pol Pot killed 2 million people within Cambodia
Yugoslavia - Slobodan Milosevic was the Serbian ruler of Yugoslavia who violently attacked non-Serbs (especially Albanians) living in his land.
Anything highlighted in green isn’t included in the flashcard!!!!!
The period in European history when reasoning (logic) was used to understand and improve society.
Key ideas:
Enlightenment philosophers believed society would be improved by using reason and natural law.
They believed that governments receive their authority from the people and not from God.
They also believed in democracy.
Scientific Revolution & Enlightenment both encouraged the spread of new ideas & use of reason
Key people:
John Locke - Believed in natural rights and the right to overthrow a government that fail to protect these rights.
Montesquieu - Power should be separated and there should be a system of checks and balances.
Voltaire - Believed that everyone has freedom of speech and religion.
Rousseau - Society is a social contract (Agreement amongst everyone to ensure that they’ll work for the greater good).
The Enlightenment led to:
The philosophers above believed that the people can overthrow governments and this caused political revolutions to occur in France, Latin America, and the United States.
Enlightened Despots - European kings and queens who believed in Enlightenment ideas and ruled by their principles
The people of France overthrew King Louis XVI and fought for more rights.
Key reasons/causes:
French society was divided into three estates (social classes). The Third Estate included mostly peasants and they had less rights than the other estates and were taxed the most out of the three.
France was ruled by absolute monarchs who abused their power and denied the rights of the people.
Ideas of Enlightenment inspired the French people to revolt and overthrow their kings and advocated for a new government that protected their rights.
France was economically unstable because the kings would spend way too much money and basically put France in debt. This led to them taxing the 3rd Estate.
Key events:
Declaration of the Rights of Man - This document gave equal rights to the men of France and created a fair system of taxation.
Reign of Terror - The leaders of the French Revolution executed thousands of people that were loyal to the king. The Jacobins (extreme group) led this event and Robespierre was the leader.
Key effects:
King Louis XVI was executed by Robespierre & the Jacobins.
The middle class of France gained more power & rights.
Napoleon Bonaparte was the ruler who came into power at the end of the French Revolution who expanded France territory. He made French people feel pride in their country (nationalism).
Napoleon was then defeated in 1812 for invading Russia during the winter which resulted in the death of his soldiers.
Slaves in the French colony Saint Domingue (Haiti) revolted & fought for their independence.
Key Causes:
France colonized Haiti & used slave labor to get access to the island's natural resources.
Haiti was divided into 4 social classes that all has different issues: grand blancs, petit blancs, free black people, enslaved people.
Mistreatment & Racism towards black people
Influenced by the Enlightenment & French Revolution to revolt
Key Events:
Boukman Rebellion 1791 - slave revolt led by Dutty Boukman, eventually becoming a revolution.
Napoleon sends General Charles Leclerc to restore French rule but Haitians , lead by Dessalines & Christophe, successfully beat them.
Key People:
Toussaint L’Ouverture - leader of Haitian revolution & military strategist.
Key Effects:
Haitian Independence
Haiti is forced to pay reparations to France
Haiti’s land is left alone from years of overproduction
They fought for independence from Spain, Portugal, and France.
Key Causes:
Governments were controlled by Peninsulares (People from Spain & Portugal) who treated Latinos poorly. Creoles (Europeans born in Latin America), Mestizos (mixed Europeans/Native Americans), Native Americans, and African slaves demanded more rights.
Ideas of Enlightenment, American and French Revolution inspired them to fight for independence and overthrow their government.
Key People who helped gain Independence for Latin America:
Simon Bolivar
Jose de San Martin
Miguel Hidalgo
Toussaint L’Ouverture
They’re all considered nationalists. There was several attempts to unite all the countries but natural boundaries such as the Amazon Rainforest prevented communication between regions.
Industrial Revolution - The change of producing goods by hands to producing goods with machines in factories. It begin in Great Britain because there was many natural resources such as coal, iron, tin, lead, and waterways.
Key Effects:
Bad working conditions: Workers in factories worked in risky conditions for a long period of time and low pay. Most of the workers were also children.
Formation of Labor Union: Workers formed labor unions that fought to improve the pay & working conditions of workers.
Laws were passed to end child labor and to set minimum wage.
Laissez Faire Capitalism (Market Economy) - This was the economical system used during the industrial revolution based on the ideas that businesses and factories should be owned by individuals instead of the government and the price and decisions should be made by the individuals.
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels - They believed that capitalism was bad. They thought that it allows factory owners to exploit factory workers. They also wrote a book called the Communist Manifesto that basically states how the Bourgeoisie (wealthy factory owners) would exploit the Proletariat (poor factory workers) to earn more money and they basically wanted the Proletariat to revolt against it and eliminate capitalism.
The idea of Marx & Engels became the foundation of Communism and inspired the Soviet Union and China.
Nationalism - Pride for your country. Usually develops in areas where people share a common language, culture, and history.
Up until 1870, Italy and Germany weren’t countries. Instead they were areas that were divided into many different states, each with its own government.
Due to the feelings of Nationalism, Italian speaking people wanted to combine their separate states into one nation with one government. The German-speaking people also wanted to combine their separate states to form one nation.
Unification of Italy - Italy combined their separate states into one nation in 1870
Unification of Germany - Germany combined their separate states into one nation in 1871, all thanks to Otto von Bizmarck who used the “blood and iron” policy to unify German lands.
Great Britain colonized Ireland in 1801
Potato famine - (1845 - 1850) About 1 million Irish people died of famine when their potato crops failed to grow because of potato blight.
Over 1 million Irish people migrated to the United States to escape the famine & find more opportunities.
Due to nationalism, many Irish people didn’t want to be ruled by Great Britain so they fought for independence so Southern Ireland gained independence in 1921.
During the 19th century, many European nations such as Great Britain, France, Germany , and Italy conquered colonies in Africa and Asia.
Reasons for Imperialism:
Europeans wanted natural resources in order to make goods in factories
“White man’s Burden” - This racist poem encouraged Europeans to civilize the people they conquered by westernizing them.
Social Darwinism - It was natural for powerful countries to take over weaker countries.
Scramble for Africa - Over 90% of Africa was conquered by western countries
Imperialism in China - The British began to smuggle opium into China, causing China to fight back in the Opium war where they lost and were forced to open up trade markets that were controlled by different European nations.
Imperialism in India - India was taken over by Great Britain and ruled for almost 200 years.
Key Events:
Sepoy (Indian Soldiers) Mutiny - Rebellion where India tried to gain independence but failed.
Boxer Rebellion - Rebellion where China tried to gain independence but failed.
(1600 - 1854) Japan was isolated and wanted little to no contact with the rest of the world.
(1854) Commodore Matthew Perry of the U.S. sailed into Japan to force them to open up trade markets.
Meiji Restoration (1868 - 1912) - Japan was ruled my Emperor Meiji and during his ruling, Japan was being modernized and westernized.
During the Meiji period, Japan became a powerful and modernized country and started to colonize other countries.
Japanese imperialism - Japan took over Korea and part of China for natural resources.
World War I - Global Military Conflict fought in Europe
Reasons for WWI:
Militarism - Countries in Europe built up their armies and their supplies in the late 1800s
Alliances - Countries in Europe divided themselves into two military alliances (The Triple Alliance and Triple Entente) to prepare for war in Europe.
Imperialism - Europeans countries competed with each other for colonies in Africa and Asia and the Balkans (Southeastern Europe)
Nationalism - Ethnic groups in the Balkans wanted independence from Austria-Hungary and they were willing to fight for it
WWI started when Archduke Ferdinand (the heir to the throne of Austria Hungary) was assassinated by Slavic nationalists in the Balkans.
Treaty of Versailles - This treaty ensured the end of WWI and punished Germany in multiple ways. Germany was forced to accept blame for causing WWI, pay reparations, reduce the size of its military, and forced to give up some of their colonies.
This caused the start of WW2 because Germany thought it was unfair.
Key Effects:
Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire were broken apart and their land was used to create new nations in Eastern Europe such as Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia.
Armenians Massacre - During WWI the Turks of the Ottoman Empire attempted to kill all of the Armenians that lived in their territory.
Women in Europe gained suffrage since they helped out by working in factories.
The people of Russia overthrew their Czar (king) and created a new government.
Reasons for Russian Revolution:
WW1 - Russians suffered many casualties and WW1 created food shortages at home.
Czar Nicholas II - He abused his power by denying the rights of the people.
Bolsheviks - They were a radical group that lead the Russian Revolution. The leader was Vladimir Lenin and they gained support of the Russians by promising to provide “Peace, Land, and Bread.” This meant that Russia would be removed from WW1, given land, and be feed.
Effects of Bolshevik Revolution:
Czar Nicholas II was executed.
Lenin and the Bolsheviks came to power in Russia.
Russia became a communist nation.
After WWI, totalitarian dictatorships were established in 3 countries under 3 men:
The Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin.
Italy under Benito Mussolini.
Germany under Adolf Hitler.
Characteristics in common:
Censorship - They ended freedom of speech, and the governments controlled the media of their nation.
One political party - Only the political party of the dictators was allowed to exist.
Stalin’s political party - The Communists
Mussolini’s political party - The Fascists
Hitler’s political party - The Nazis
People were expected to place the needs of their nation before their needs.
They eliminated opposition by using a secret police force.
They used propaganda.
Hitler and Mussolini came to power because Germany and Italy were facing economic problems such as inflation and unemployment and the people believed they can solve those problems.
Stalin established a Command (Communist) economy - The government owns the businesses, make business decisions, and sets prices.
Five-Year Plan - Stalin tried to modernize the industry and agriculture by setting economic goals every five years.
Collectivization - Stalin took over individual farms (private property) and forced people to live on collective farms (large farms) owned by the government.
Stalin stripped Ukraine of their food when they fought against his program of collectivization which led to millions of people dying in Ukraine.
World War II was fought in Europe and on the islands of the Pacific Ocean.
Japanese Aggression:
Japan took over Korea, Manchuria (northeastern China), and much of Southeast Asia to gain natural resources.
Rape of Nanking - The Japanese raped and killed Chinese civilians in Nanking city.
Italian Aggression - Benito Mussolini of Italy invaded and took over Ethiopia
Germany Aggression - Adolf Hitler violated the Treaty of Versailles by doing:
Building up the German military and drafting soldiers into the army.
Placing soldiers in the Rhineland (Area between Germany and France).
Hitler took over the neighboring country of Austria and Czechoslovakia.
The League of Nations - International organization created after WWI in order to prevent war. It failed to stop Hitler, Mussolini, and Japan.
Appeasement - This is a policy where an aggressive nation is given what they want by other nations to avoid war.
Munich Conference - Germany, Italy, France, and Great Britain appeased Hitler by giving him control over Czechoslovakia. This led Hitler to demand even more land.
WWII started when Hitler invaded Poland in 1939 which caused Britain and France to declare war on Germany.
Invasion of Poland - This event started WWII. Poland was defeated by Germany because they lacked natural boundaries (they had flat plains, it was east to conquer them)
Pearl Harbor - Japan attacked United States
Hitler failed to conquer Russia at the Battle of the Stalingrad due to harsh climate and large size of the nation.
D-day Invasion - The beginning of the final allied push against Germany which resulted in Germany’s defeat.
Atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki - The Final event of World War II. The U.S. bombed Japan which caused Japan to surrender soon after.
The Holocaust - During World War II, Hitler and the Nazis tried to kill all jews. 6 million Jews and 6 million non-Jews were killed.
The United Nation was formed to solve international problems and prevent future wars. 191 nations currently belong to the United Nations and they’re made up of 6 main bodies. 4 of them are:
The Security Council - Keeps peace between nations.
International Court of Justice - Settles disputes between countries.
General Assembly - Votes on key policies of the United Nations
Secretariat - Responsible for day-to-day administration of the United Nations
Declaration of Human Rights - A document created by the United Nations that lists all the rights that all people should have within their nations.
Nuremberg Trials - Court case where the surviving Nazis were put on trial. 19 Nazi leaders were executed or sentenced to imprisonment for their crimes against humanity.
The Nuremberg Trial demonstrated that people will be held accountable for their actions.
The Cold War - A war between the United States and the Soviet Nation that last 50 years. It was called cold because they didn’t directly fight each other.
The Soviet Union took over small nations of Eastern Europe and turned them into communist satellites after WWII.
Iron Curtain - The imaginary line dividing the democratic countries of Western Europe from the communist countries of Eastern Europe.
Containment - The policy where United States attempted to stop the spread of communism.
Examples of Containment:
Truman Doctrine - The U.S. gave $400 million in economic and military aid to Greece and Turkey to help them defeat communist groups within their countries.
Marshall Plan - The U.S. gave $13 Billion to the countries of Western Europe to help them rebuild after WWII.
Crisis in Germany:
After WWII, Germany was divided into 2 nations, West Germany was a democratic nation and East Germany was a communist nation.
Berlin Wall - Concrete wall built by the communists to prevent people from East Germany (Communist) from escaping to West Germany (Democratic).
Berlin Airlift - The U.S., Britain, and France flew in supplies to the people of West Germany after Stalin set up a blockade (Berlin Wall).
Military alliances were formed by both sides in order to prepare for war.
NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) - A military alliance between the U.S., Canada, and the democratic nations of Western Europe. They agreed if one of the nations involved in this alliance were attacked, they would all be attacked.
Warsaw Pact - A military alliance between the Soviet Union and the other communist nations of Eastern Europe.
Hungary Revolution of 1956 - When Hungary (a communist satellite) tried to break away from Soviet control, the Soviet Union sent in the army and ended the rebellion.
Arms race - The U.S. and the Soviet Union competed to build up the largest supply of nuclear weapons.
Cuban Missile Crisis - The United States found out that the Soviet Union was building missile bases in Cuba (a communist nation) and pointing them at the U.S. and the crisis ended when the Soviet Union agreed to remove them. This was the closest we have ever gotten to a nuclear war between countries.
During the Cold War, Korea and Vietnam were both divided into 2 separate countries and one side of each country became communist and the other side became democratic. The Korean War and the Vietnam War occurred afterwards and now Vietnam is a communist nation and Korea is still separated into two political parties, communist and democratic.
Decolonization - Nations colonized by western nations finally gain independence.
After WWII, India gained independence from Great Britain with the help of Mohandas Gandhi
In order to stop conflict from Hindus and Muslims, the region that Great Britain colonized was separated into two countries which was India and Pakistan. Although the conflict was settled, there’s still tension between the Hindus and Muslims because the countries claim to have control of Kashmir.
After independence, India established a democratic government and they followed a policy of nonalignment during the Cold War.
Caste (lower social classes) Systems - There’s discrimination in rural areas since tradition remains strong there and discrimination against the lower class is very severe.
(1945 - 1980) The nations of Africa gained independence from the Western nations. Two leaders that fought to gain independence were Jomo Kenyatta (Gained Kenya’s independence) and Kwame Nkrumah (Gained Ghana’s independence)
South Africa Independence:
Even after they were independent, White South Africans still controlled the government there and established a racist system, the apartheid. The Black South Africans were segregated from 1948 until 1990.
Nelson Mandela - He was a Black South African nationalist leader who fought against Apartheid who was imprisoned by the White South African government for 27 years and later voted to be the first Black South African President after the apartheid came to an end in 1990.
Rwanda after Independence - During the 1990s, The Tutsis and Hutus had conflict in the African nation of Rwanda.
Rwandan Genocide (1994) - The Hutus slaughtered 800,000 Tutsis in only a few months.
(1953 - 1954) Cambodia and Vietnam gained independence from France.
Ho Chi Minh - Vietnamese nationalist leader who led a 8-year war against France to gain independence for Vietnam.
Vietnam after Independence - Vietnam was divided into two countries: Communist North Vietnam and Democratic South Vietnam. After the Vietnam War, they reunited and turned into a communist nation.
Cambodia after Independence - Cambodia was ruled by a Communist group called the Khmer Rouge led by Pol Pot.
They led Cambodia from 1975-1979 and they denied the people of their human rights and killed 2 million Cambodians.
Mohandas Gandhi, Kwarme Nkrumah, Jomo Kenyatta, Nelson Mandela, and Ho chi Minh are all nationalists.
In 1949, after 22 years of a civil war, China adopted communism.
Mao Zedong was the first Communist dictator of China and he gained the support of peasants because he promised to provide them with their own land once Communists came to power.
Great Leap Forward - This was Mao’s attempt to modernize the industrial and agricultural production in China by forcing peasants to move onto large government farms (similar to Stalin’s Five-Year Plan and Collectivization)
Cultural Revolution - Mao used violent young Communist soldiers (Red Guards) to eliminate all of the opposition that he had
Deng Xiaoping - The capitalist ruler that came after Mao Zedong and changed the economy into a capitalist economy.
Tiananmen Square Protest/Massacre 1989 - The Chinese peacefully demanded democratic changes (reforms) where they wanted more rights and a say in government. Deng Xiaoping calls in the army to handle the protests and that led to hundreds of Chinese protestors being killed.
Those who were interested in the Middle east because they:
Arab Nationalists - wanted independent states that emerged from the collapse of the Ottoman Empire
European Nationalists - wanted control of trade routes and resources (mainly oil) from the region
Zionists - wanted to establish a Jewish homeland
Creation of Israel - Part of the Holy Land was used to create the Jewish nation of Israel.
Many Palestinians who lived in the region were displaced which caused ongoing tension between the two groups.
Ataturk founded an independent Turkish state as the Ottoman Empire was falling and he made reforms to modernize, secularize, and westernize Turkey.
The Shah - He proclaimed himself King after his father and was an absolute monarch who abused his power. He wanted to modernize, secularize, and westernize Iran.
Ayatollah Khomeini - He came to power after the Iranian Revolution and established a Theocracy (Involving Islam) and he wanted to be traditional, nonsecular and not westernized.
Green Revolution (Began 1960s) - The use of technology to increase the food supply by improving irrigation (supply of water), machinery, fertilizer, pesticides, and better seeds and livestock.
The Green Revolution helped increase food production and decrease hunger in areas of Asia, Latin America, and Africa and had been very successful in India.
Human rights are the basic rights that all humans are supposed to have. These include freedom of speech, freedom of religion, the right to vote, and the right to live.
Genocide - The attempt to exterminate an ethnic group.
Genocide is a violation of human rights.
Examples of genocides are:
Armenian Massacre - The Turks of the Ottoman Empire murdered about one million Armenians during WWI
Ukrainian Famine - Joseph Stalin took away food from Ukrainians.
Holocaust - Hitler and Nazis murdered 6 million Jews during WWII
Rwanda - The Hutus killed almost one million Tutsis in 1994
Cambodia - Pol Pot killed 2 million people within Cambodia
Yugoslavia - Slobodan Milosevic was the Serbian ruler of Yugoslavia who violently attacked non-Serbs (especially Albanians) living in his land.
