kolbintro6e_lectureslides_ch14_UPLOAD

Introduction to Learning and Memory

• Explore the connection between learning and memory, the neural circuits involved, and implications of brain plasticity.

Key Concepts in Learning and Memory

• Learning: Change in behavior due to experience.

• Memory: Ability to recall or recognize past experiences.

• Memory Trace: Mental representation corresponding to a physical change in the brain, often involving synapses.

Brain Plasticity

• Neuroplasticity: The brain's ability to undergo physical or chemical changes.

• Influenced by experiences such as development, culture, and coping mechanisms.

Learning Models

1. Pavlovian Conditioning

• Conditioned Stimulus (CS): Initially neutral stimulus that becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus (UCS).

• Unconditioned Response (UCR): Automatic response to the unconditioned stimulus.

• Conditioned Response (CR): Learned response to the conditioned stimulus after conditioning.

Example: A tone (CS) paired with food (UCS) leads to salivation (UCR), with the tone eventually eliciting salivation (CR).

2. Operant Conditioning

• Edward Thorndike's Experiment: Cats in a puzzle box learned that certain actions led to escape, demonstrating learning through consequences.

• Operant Conditioning: Learning where behavior is modified by reinforcement or punishment.

Memory Types

1. Implicit Memory

• Unconscious memory demonstrated through skills or conditioned responses; cannot be explicitly recalled.

2. Explicit Memory

• Conscious recollection of information or experiences.

Memory Processes

• Encoding: The process by which information is transformed into a format that can be stored.

• Storage: Memories are stored in the brain, particularly in distinct neural areas based on sensory modalities.

• Retrieval: Accessing stored memories when needed.

Memory Circuits

• Explicit Memory Circuit: Involves medial temporal structures including the hippocampus and amygdala, critical for forming explicit memories.

• Implicit Memory Circuit: Involves basal ganglia and premotor cortex, linked to skills and behaviors.

Emotional Memory

• Amygdala: Integral to emotional memory; interacts with memory circuits to enhance memory of emotionally charged events.

Structural Basis of Plasticity

• Long-Term Potentiation (LTP): Persistent strengthening of synapses based on recent patterns of activity; associated with learning and memory.

• Long-Term Depression (LTD): Weaker synaptic transmission that may help in forgetting or clearing old memories.

Experience and Neuroplasticity

• Enriched environments can enhance synaptic connections, leading to improved cognitive functions.

Brain Injury Recovery

• Strategies:

  • Learning new skills to compensate for lost abilities.

  • Reorganization of existing neural circuits.

  • Neurogenesis: Formation of new neurons to facilitate recovery.

• Examples of interventions include behavioral therapies and pharmacological support.

Future Developments

• Stem cell therapy and neurotrophic factors may aid in brain recovery and neurogenesis for treating injuries or degenerative diseases.

Key Takeaways

• Understanding the intricacies of learning and memory involves examining neural circuits, plasticity, and behavioral adaptations.

• Advancements in understanding these concepts not only illuminate the brain's function but also enhance therapeutic approaches to neuropsychological disorders and brain injuries.