AP HUG

Unit 2

Out of business.

That includes commercial agriculture.

And then everything else as well, like the marketing, the transportation, right?

That whole, like, modernity that we talked about, where then goes to the wholesaler, and then to, like, the market, and then we buy it, right?

And then we pass money back in the other direction, right?

If I continue that cycle, that's after business.

I hope you know it out of the culture.

I'll see you.

But actually something that we're hopefully okay with.

Oh, actually...

Oh.

Biotechnology.

Disconnect that.

I'll make sure the phone is in the backpack.

Can you put it up, please?

Take this.

That way, you're talking about...

Um, that's Socio, the Green Revolution.

So, that's looking at GMOs, that's looking at, uh, hybrid seasons.

I need to remember, like, the kind of DNA of something, right?

So it doesn't just be modern technology, but it means, like, there might have modified some of, like, DNAs, genetic makeup.

I thinking how ability of organism like the plant.

We skipped off both journey, we were good there.

It's fish farming, like you would for livestock, grown in captivity.

Bowser up thesis.

New agricultural methods will be adopted, particularly in areas with rapidly growing populations, trying to use those rapidly growing populations.

Carl Sauer, he's the one who came up with an ideal, a cultural landscape, and kind of our original, like, crop birds, um, commercialized culture.

I think we're good there.

So, come on, AJ.

Yeah, we've kind of talked about that with agribusiness.

Just, you know, grab to the distribution process, but, like, harvesting and then transportation, and then, uh, selling it to the market and the market selling it to the people, that whole, like, process, packaging, marketing, all of that is a part of the commodity change.

Contra farming, it's the same as terrace farming, probably a car for those like terrace or flat steps into the hillsides, crop rotation, between you rotate the crops that you're growing.

So you're taking out different nutrients and putting different ones back in, that helps keep the fertility of the soil, so you would need less fertilizers.

It's really common in mixed livestocking during.

I think we're good there.

No, this is more than milk, though, butter, cheese, type of stuff.

Domestication, they're double cropping, that means you have multiple harvesting.

So you plant, you harvest, you plant again, you harvest, you use that all in once or in a year. So double crping.

Triple cropping. You do it 3 times a year.

Extensive subsistence, a good example of that, the pastoral nomadism, things will be spread out over a lard through time.

Fallow, that's when you're leaving land, empty, or not using it.

Generally speaking, that happens so that nutrients can kind of regenerate.

So that's really common and shating cultivation. Wrong?

Feedline, talk about that. Today, should be good.

A GMO, you have to modify organism, very common to Western Hemisphere.

The best common in the eastern hemisphere.

Not very common, because I'm sorry, in Africa, because they want to sell their crops in Europe, Europe, and that's a thing, but against GMOs, but they can increase the palability of food, they can increase its nutrition, degree revolution, go that to the third agricultural revolution.

Also know that you a lie of the in associated with it are expensive, like technologies, miracle scenes, fertizers pestides that a lot of countries aren't able to operate in that level yet because they can't afford.

The more developed, you are, the more likely you want to raise the green revolution.

Horticulture.

Transforming of fresh fruits, vegetables and flowers too, right?

So it's just, like, kind of small commercial gardening.

Intensive subsistence would be like rice farming.

You're not using a high unit of labor for martial land. Intertillage touch toP have multiple crops in the same field.

So you're not specialized.

You're not just growing corn or just growing wheat.

They're growing a lot of different things.

So that's more common shifting cultivation, when they're eating the food, and they want to look more variety.

Livestock ranching.

I think we're good there.

We know that it can lead to desertification, right?

Areas that might be semi area, might turn into area areas.

Luxury crops, same thing as cash crops.

Margin gardening, small production of fruits and vegetables, it can also be connected to trunk farming, but then the truck you drive from the market, you sell them that.

Mediterranean agriculture happens in the Mediterranean region.

Your textbook, they'll do a great job of talking about it.

Just know that it's obviously in the Mediterranean region.

It's like grapes, figs, olives, those type of things for a well. Citrus as well.

Southern California, word Mediterranean climate, for your graphic organizers.

I had you look at the document and on Google classroom to complete that section.

It has a little bit more detail on Mediterranean culture on your current textbook. Milkshed.

That's where you can produce milk and still have the time to get it to the market before it's oil.

So good, things like the cool chain.

The milkshake is exciting.

You know, there's a revolution.

That's our 1st agricultural revolution for we're being covered gatherers, for permanent settlers, pastoral nomadism, really common indoor Africa, southwest and central Asia.

It's kind of a racing of livestock, but it's existence, agriculture.

So there's a lot of goats and sheep. Those type of animals.

Plantation.

Though that it happens in the tropics, between the tropic answer, the castlecorn, along the equator, because they have the right time of climate for it, it's where we develop our cash crop, so what makes it unique, is it takes place in an LLD team, but it is primarily commercial I can do.

Bridge village, right?

You farm on the ridge tops.

It's a great way to have sustainable agriculture.

Shifting cultivation ties into slash and burn, right?

You're leaving a lot of your field fallow, and after you harvest, you chop down the stocks, you buy them on fire, that creates fertilizer, and then you move on to a different part of your field.

So you're constantly alienate your wheel.

It hardly goes to vowel, so it's really inefficient.

Uh, some today, that's what the government can pay to support a business.

Or an industry, in this case, obviously the agriculture, a lot of times when the market price of something is low, we don't want farmers producing less of it, because that's a bad thing if they're intentionally producing less food.

So governments will come in instead of subsidy, like, okay, we'll buy it for this much.

And that encourages them to continue to make as much as possible.

So since it's our goal, I think we're good there, small farms, right?

Lots of farmers producing food for themselves.

Survey patterns, we talk more about that in unit one, but again, land orders of 1785, how to connect into this into the higher surveying the land and how you're settling land.

Okay, for sure.

Thomas Malthus, it's got to connect to agriculture because there's a population and the food supply part that there might be more food, but not enough food to support the rapidly growing population.

So he just kind of just kind of know how he connects in terms of supply.

Strange, man, such a seasonal migration, a livestock between mountain and lowland areas, truck farm, talk about that, vertical integration.

Just know that vertical integration is common in agriculture.

Not common in industry, right?

And manufacturing, but it is common in agriculture for a agricultural company and try to own a lot of the different phases of production.

And then Vogduin's model.

Know where the reams are, know that it's connecting land costs to transportation, costs, and the profit or growing dictates where you're going to be in proximity to the market, are you going to pay more transportation costs or more in my accounts?

I didn't require it in our ear, though.

All right.

The fun stuff.

Motto, out our view.

I go to LDCs.

So just do our types of agricultural activity.

Obviously, their subsistence, but go to the specific ones, right?

Otherwise you have a graphic organizers, to be able to answer those questions that you are on your ground to organize.

Like, if I ask you about, I don't know, plantation, or this would be citation agriculture, right?

That is in an LDC, where am I going to see it, right?

No that is postal.

I know that it's given the trumpics, I be able to answer those questions if I ask you about how store will know about it?

I was in North Africa.

No, it's in Southwest Asia and Central Asia, subsistence are efficient, nucilization.

No, that is in interior in Brazil, in subsarian Alpha, right along the equator.

Be able to kind of know where they are and know the characteristics of each, like, what's going on.

Like, they'll explain what symbolization is, be able to explain what possible matters it is, right?

Be able to give us those details.

Um, be able to, um, Identify on a map if I get a map and say, hey, what's happening here?

You should be able to know that based on the maps that you guys are putting together.

I might have a legion that I could got you described in detail, like, the agriculture that's happening in that region.

Um, you know, we did a case study on Brazil, so that might be something where it's like, okay, we didn't like a look at that and I can explain what's going on in Brazilian agriculture, right?

So having things like that that you can talk about as it relates to, um, agriculture in elements, right?

Know that if it's a more developed, LLBC, like a Brazil where you see work, it's like a less developed LBC, like something in sub-Saran Africa, we're going to see more subsistence agriculture. Right?

So be able to kind of connect them.

Also, be able to connect the different types of, like, whether it's extensive, which would be, like, raising livestock or something like that, possible nomads or more intensive, like, wet rice farming.

Um, Korean revolution, know the impact of it, like the ESPN of it, like the economic impacts, the social, political and environmental, because it does have a lot of different impacts, both +and negatives, so be able to speak to those.

Connect with the growth of food supply. And like, haha, mouth is wrong, dude.

I be able to connect it to, like, without this big bomb, like, those from the same right, or people more innovation.

We've been able to develop more food for our growing population.

Be able to explain the diffusion of it and the obstacles to that diffusion.

So mainly kind of starting with NDCs and then going down through kind of like hierarchical diffusion.

The main way that you have that obstacle is the cost.

So the less developed you are, the more likely you are not going to be able to afford the inputs.

No, the characteristics of it, like, what is it?

So be able to talk about like miracles. To be able to talk about, uh, fertilizer, we'll be able to talk about, uh, pesticides, right?

Go exactly what's going on with the dream revolution.

And then I know the downside, particularly like the environmental impacts, right?

Which will run off, the testicides and fertilizers and things like that, getting into elegance.

All right, subsistence 1st commercial is pretty straightforward.

Just know the differences, right?

As it relates to a lot of different things.

So farm size, which one's gonna have a bigger farm?

We've got a smaller farm.

The number of farmers, which does war farmers, which does less farmers.

Number of machinery, right?

Tractors, which one has one tractors, which one has...

Where am I likely to see them again in the world, right?

MDCs, LDCs.

We'll be able to connect to those different things.

And again, it's not like this or that.

So if you look down to like level of development.

In Brazil, we see shifting cultivation, which is a form of subsistence agriculture.

However, because it's a high developing country, you also see a lot of commercial agriculture, like livestock ranching and plantation agriculture, and selling fruits and grains and crops to North America during the offsite.

So be able to connect it, um, to those things, and also like the poor periphery, right?

I was like a semi periphery country, and you were getting exploited for their agricultural production by United States, something like that.

And then Von Duden, the Vine.

Know what the characteristics of it are, know what happens kind of in each ring working your way from the from the city according to Von Goonen.

And then also kind of recognize any variations, because this was created in 1826, like actually the 200th anniversary of Long Moon's model.

Obviously, a lot has changed.

Be able to account for why things have changed.

Why is forestry further away, right?

Transportation.

Why does the milk shed expand?

Why can the milk shed be further away from the market now, right?

Because of the pool chain?

So be able to explain why things haven't changed, but also be able to explain why it's still relevant, right?

Why it's still is a good indicator, what type of agriculture activity we're going to be able to see and what.

And kind of like what South Webber is, if I show you something, you're like, hey, what would like mom do what his model say?

Would it might support this idea?

Be able to recognize like, yeah, this is supported.

Like, I need a real world example. Like very near, um, the United States, or greater New York, the United States.

Yeah, that's supported by Montgunan's models.

We have a major market.

Darings are the major market, right?

Fortunately, if there's something that would be like a little bit different or author Bob, you would be able to explain why it is.

Yeah, bless us off for a few talkers.

So, let's go, do you prepare for them?

You're welcome.

I have any questions around, otherwise, you're out here.

Unit 3

So.

That's the tree, right?

I'll wear your ring.

I think of a model, because you might get a question like that.

That's pretty simple, but the models are gonna ask you about, like, application.

Since though, like, where people are, they are different places in the world as it applies to each model, right?

In North America, Gator rigs. That's where we're using like the younger box, right?

Zodan transition, lower income outingo type of thing.

And then periphery, that's the suburbs, that's the where we're going to see welfare individuals.

But then that cl into Europe, right?

People, what I mean, you're...

So in the suburbs, it's high rise apartments.

So that's where we might see a lot of migrants of fiber accords, you lower income.

Same thing with the squatter settlements at LDCs.

Those are out in the periphery.

And those are the poorest individuals within society.

We expect that to be closer to CBD if it was in North America.

We just got to know how the models apply in different places, and they'll be all right.

Central place theory.

We calculate the kind of the the marketing area of the service, we use hexagons for that range member.

We think about it in time, but we kind of calculate it in distance, and within that range, you need to be your threshold.

Different activities are gonna have different thresholds, right?

We'll travel a certain distance for a donut shop, we'll travel a lot further for like a medical specialist.

Also know that we can apply the central place theory to services, but also we can apply it to settlements, right?

CBD, I think we're good there.

We'll talk more about the CBD because it is kind of a possible effort, new topic.

School's not be available more later.

Clustard Rule Settlements.

New England is the best example, right?

People came to the England colonies together from the same communities in Europe.

So when they got here, they wanted to stay in those communities.

So a sense of, like, protection by staying together.

So they clustered together.

The custard rolls out aren't great for, like, an agricultural production, dispersed rural settlements are far better, so we haven't seen that kind of transition.

This first rural settlements are when we see things spread out, like villages aren't clustered together.

Rather, we see, like, isolated farmsteads.

A big part of that is the land ordinance of 1785, which allowed that type of settlement pattern to occur.

Density gradient, just so it's affected by vidrid, or I should say, connected to big rent.

Because the land is really expensive, close in the CVD, you're not going to have big single family homes, they'll answer it, or you see high-rise departments or people are living on top of each other.

And then as we get further away from the CVD, that's when we start to see less dense housing people more spaced out.

Um, Edge cities, be able to connect edge cities, be able to doors. To obviously the Galactic City model or the peripheral model, urban realms model, right?

Remodels for the same name.

Just make sure we recognize that.

No, the kind of the qualifications, or at least like kind of in a general sense of entities, right?

They need to have a bigger daytime population, the nighttime population.

You need to have so much office space in those type of things.

I'm not going to ask you like how much offices you need to be right.

We need to know that that's more what they're designed for.

Enclosure movement we talked about today with our cahoot.

Just be able to connect that to the transition to the 2nd urban revolution, right?

As the farmers had to sell their land to the wealthy farmers, the small farmers, then move to the cities to work in factors, right?

That also ties into the agricultural revolution, something you can talk about.

Gentrification, renovating downtown areas instead of demolishing them. Some of the pros and cons, right?

We have that rubric to help us with that.

Free belt, free of land.

Usually that's greenery, parts, you know, agriculture or an animal preserve or something like that that's used to try to combat scrawl or Europe does a lot better job of that than America.

Latin American City model.

The spy is the giveaway and wealthy housing along the spine.

Now this is fine, have like sea beaker, the characteristics of the CBD that the wealthy want to be here to.

It also is more like nubbed.

So there's better access to like pressurized pipes and access to electricity and those type of amenities for your infrastructure.

Megopolis, right, talk about that today.

We've forgotten a little bit, so it was good that it was in our review.

Boschwash corridor is a good example of one.

It's when the metropolitan statistical areas overlap to such a degree, that almost just becomes like one genuineness.

MSA, metropolitan consistible area, right?

It has all those kind of classifications, know the classifications, right, with what they need in order to be a part of the metropolitan statistical area.

But just really know that it's measuring the functionality of a city.

That's what it's trying to do.

Because, you know, this is bordered.

So you want to know the, like, the functional balance of the city, right?

How big is its functional boundary compared to its actual, like, geographic now?

That's what MSAs are trying to do.

Multiple nuclear model or the Harrison omen model.

The idea that cities are too complex for one node, right?

Send concentric zone, you just have the one note, the sector model, the one note, and that is the CBD.

Ultim nuclear accounts for multiple CBDs.

Or so you multiple nose, one of which would be the CBD.

Market area, also knows a hinterland.

That's with the hexagon, right, that surrounds the central place for the city.

So which services are going to reside within the threshold and all of that and stuff. Periodic market, which is a temporary market.

Farmers kind of springing up like a swap meet, that type of thing.

It ties into the bleg model, the sub-Saharan African model, like an even formal kind of market. That's a periodic market. Peripheral model.

That's our galactic city model, right?

This is the same thing where we have edge cities connected by a beltway.

It's one that tries to account for superurbanization. And also theide urban wellness model.

Primate city, I think we're good there, right?

More than twice the population, more than twice as significant.

Mexico City is a good example for LDCs, Paris, for example, where Range, we talked about it.

Brig size rule, the US is a good example.

We have to be really wealthy to have rank size distribution, right?

You have to be able to justify having high-end services in multiple cities and more just 1st throughout your settlements within a country.

If you're not wealthy you're more likely to have a big primary city, the United States, rightly out, New York, big population, Los Angeles, is top of New York, Chicago, New York's population, Houston is one fourth.

So it kind of follows in that ring size.

Redlining, outlining an area to a particular people that will not receive loans.

It's illegal, but it still happens.

Happened a lot, obviously, before illegal squatters elements.

No, they're on the periphery. Know that they are kind of the lowest in terms of income.

They're built by the people who live in them, right?

Technically they're illegal, they don't own the land, and they know the whatever materials they have, you know, to them, whatever they're able, they're kind of scavish.

Sector Hoyt model, the pizza model, right?

Things are away from the CBD, different activities like wealthy housing, middle class housing, lower income housing, and sectors or wedges, suburb, right?

Part of the urban landscape, but out in the periphery. People then commute to work in these.

Sprawl, right?

Happens because of leapfrogging, it happens because of suburbanization, land that could be developed, is jumped past to get to cheaper land, right?

And that leapfrogging is what leads to sprawled Atlantic, it kind of needs bypassed is our scrawl.

Threshold.

I talk about that already.

Urbanization, just moving from rural to urban areas.

It's why it's, you've seen like the growth of mega and meta cities.

It's still happening, right?

We expect, what do we say, about 75% of the world's population to live in a city by 2050.

Right now it's roughly 50%.

So we see that kind of rapid urbanization.

Urban ROMs model, that's the Galactic City model, just the main world city, right?

Nor our classifications. We have our alpha beta Gamma.

We just know that New York and London.

They're atop the global hierarchy, right in terms of world cities.

And also another world cities measure significance or influence or power, whatever term you want to use, whereas mega and Medicity, they're just measuring computations.

And then zoning, that's opposite of our excuse neighborhoods, right?

You have specific activities in specific. Questions about the terms to know what possible parking.

Why I took a bite of my uncle.

All right, let's talk about, I don't know, oxable.

After argue.

Burgess model.

No, no, where it works and kind of where it does it, in a sense, like, we we see, like, elements. That in Houston, like kind of be able to say, like, oh, this is how it applies, this is how it doesn't go like a block in the model, what it's trying to, like, predict. About like how it assumes like a uniform, like landscape by like that which can where different people are.

So any type of kind of potential flaw with it.

Obviously know the zones and their purposes, right?

So the concentric zone model, the zoning transition is unique for the concentric zone model.

To know what the zone in transition is, no activities are likely to reside there.

Um, Again, no how it applies in different parts of the world, right?

So I'd be able to connect the concentric zone model, obviously, to North America and Europe, but in our other models as well, like there are elements of the concentric zone model in the Latin American city model, right?

There are rings in that model.

They'll only kind of connect that to the slatter substance, right?

Same thing with our sub-Saharan African and our Southeast Asian.

So we've got to connect that model to those, and so how those models incorporate the idea of brings to.

How has it changed?

The cities become more like modern?

You try to feel like that like the high school transportation may have had on creating a consent.

There's a lot of, you know, the transportation. Something.

You know, talk about, like, main use in terms of cost of, uh, land.

And the other things, like, the idea of, like, block bus game, right?

And white flights connects to this, right?

The older suburbs where those individuals live, a lot of questions happen, they move further out in the suburbs, the lower income, means into those older suburbs. Trying to beic back.

All right, there's no place here.

Obviously, this kind of ties into someone, like, webers.

So, if you were not good at situation, like Weber, that we did for one of our exams, where I gave you, like, a diagram, and I was, like, kind of explained it, and how it ties into, uh, what Bruce Lee's cost there, da da da.

You get something simple, similar for central place theory.

Like, I give you a model and I ask you explain, like, what parts of it connect, what parts of it make, like, do you cap and the flaw, like the plot or the model not be able to account for?

So be able to kind of like really apply it in a real world situation.

Kind of, I mean, to a degree, I'm not gonna have you draw hexagonals, right?

But how we kind of did it with that activity where we were like, oh, this accounts for the gaps, right?

Substitutes, right?

So be able to apply it, be able to account for it. Or this accounts for the overlap.

It's really dentsely populated.

Both places can be their threshold in that area, right?

So be able to count for those type of type of things if you're looking at a diagram.

Um, account how different services are going to have different market areas, right?

Because they have different ranges, right?

They have high range services, lower range services, high threshold, lower thresholds.

So some companies, the thresholds, where they're not high.

They need a lot of people in that certain demographic in order for it to function.

Others may need less.

Right?

So what is what are we looking at in terms of that?

Again, maybe like an example that you can use.

Like we looked at supermarkets, and then Macy's and Walmarts and all they are kind of doing similar things, but because they're different, they have different thresholds and ranges.

Be able to also connect it to the distribution of settlements, like a more densely populated area, they're going to have smaller market areas, less densely populated, bigger market areas, and then the services within the city, right at the market area.

So kind of connected to that.

I think it kind of fits nicely in the metropolitan statistical areas.

So that might be like an example or something that you could kind of use if you were asked to.

What are the limitations of the kind of the central place modeling, because like it requires a uniform landscape, it's kind of measures distance, not time.

It does not obviously count for the impact of like online sales and online shopping and those type of things.

I'd be able to connect to like the gravity model, because there's a lot of overlap there, right?

With the gravity model, the closer we are, the more interaction we're gonna have.

So one of the biggest number of people traveling, the shortest distance, impacts of transportation, right, with improvements and transportation, places become more accessible. Their range grows because we're able to get there quicker, right?

CVD.

So I would for CBDs, I would know kind of their relationship with our models.

So I know that we don't have like Sector Boy or Galactic City as one of our possible FRTs office, that you would want to be able to talk about this DVD in relation to those, right?

Particularly multiple nuclei in Galactic City because those are showing that the CBD is becoming a little bit less significant in North America. Not to say it's insignificant.

It certainly is not, right?

However, as people have moved out to the suburbs, certain activities that were once clustered in the CBD, those have moved out to the suburbs, right?

That's what we start to see are ed cities for, for example, right?

So be able to kind of talk about CVDs and relationship war models, know the historic location, right?

Typically, like the side factors, typically going to be near water, typically going to be near major transportation, those maybe near important natural resources, know the CBD in terms of the density gradient, right?

People who live closer to it.

The homes are going to be more densely populated as we get further away, less densely populated.

Know the cost of land and how that dictates what happens in the CBD, so not a lot of manufacturing because it's going to be out in the suburbs because land is really, really hot.

How do we try to account for more land in the CBD, right?

Because it's such a small present one less than one% of the urban area.

You can account for it by creating skyscrapers, trying to build underground, those type of activities.

Um, know the differences in how people kind of interpret the CVDs, um, in terms of Europe and North America.

I remember we read from the old textbook, we talk about how the CVDs are different, that might be a good thing to be able to explain, right?

More of an historic CBD and more of events in Europe or a modern one.

Also, people want to live close to the CBDs in Europe.

You kind of want to relieve from them in North America.

So be able to account for those difference, differences. Get connected with our ed cities. Connect with suburbanization.

You know, talk about the impact of suburbanization on those CBDs.

Yeah that's probably I think there.

And then Private City and Rake Size is the last one, yeah?

Be able to, like, if I'm giving you like a chart, kind of like what we did with a squad or settlement, EVQ be a lookout and say, like, oh, that is a primate city because of these population characteristics or that is during size because of these population characteristics. Be able to connect to like world cities and that idea, right?

Of kind of the urban hierarchy and how, for example, primate cities are going to allow us or allow us maybe to engage in the global economy.

Maybe have a world city and how that could be a benefit of, but also know the drawbacks, right?

The challenge, the viber primate city, and I live outside of this metropolitan statistical area.

So outside its functional area.

I'm gonna have a really hard time getting to it.

That's the only place those services are clustered.

There might be essential services that I need that I'm going to have a hard time accessing. Know the worldwide distribution of our primate cities.

And I have a few examples that you can kind of reference.

For example, Mexico City is, you know, so much bigger than Guadalajara, right?

Be able to kind of connect to that parake size, no calculations.

Also know what it says about a country, right?

Really wealthy to justify those distribution of services.

I have an example, I think the United States is the kind of, as the example of a country that follows ring size distribution, and then be able to compare in contrast in primate city and ring size.

There are similarities, right?

New York is a part of the rank size distribution, and it's extremely powerful world city, right?

So just because you follow rank size and you're not the most powerful in your country, does not mean that you can't be a single country.

There's overlap, but there's also differences.

So kind of know the similarities and the differences between right and sides.

And that is it.

I think it's 66 questions.

There multiple choice.

And then I think each FRQ for both groups is going to go 8 through the app.

So, like, a little bit...

A little bit longer, a little bit easier.

Unit 4

Apart, I thought we talked about more in unit six.

It is kind of a system of governance, which is why it would apply here.

Just remember apartheid, right?

Segregation in South Africa, particularly of the black groups in turn, of those bond 2 stands and all that good stuff. Or bad stuff, right?

But make sure we know, uh, no apartheid.

Vulcanization is something we talked a lot about.

It's the idea that a kind of state pad or region can break down because of conflicts among ethnic groups, right?

And the Balkans are just a really good example of that.

We've seen volcanization in a lot of other places like Nigeria, we've seen volcanization. In Sedan, we've seen volcanization.

But it gets its name for those conflicts in the Balkans, right, but that led to, you know, at the cleansings, um, and civil wars, and a lot of conflict as Yugoslavia broke down into multiple states.

Berlin Conference, that one's going to be Europeans without any regard for the Africans, divided up Africa for their benefit, and they created superimposed boundaries.

With those superimposed boundaries, we brought multiple ethnic groups together, kind of under one border, and that creates that political void or that power vacuum when colonization ends, who's going to control this newly formed or newly created state, right?

With the Berlin conference.

It's why we see kind of state shapes that are pro-ruptive in sub-Sarian Africa, like the Democratic Republic of Congo so that Belgium could have access to a coast.

I think we're good on what a border boundary is.

Just make sure we know our different types of borders and boundaries.

There's some overlap to them.

Like, you can have consequent boundaries that are also antecedent boundaries, and you can have geometric boundaries that are also antecedent boundaries.

You can have consequent that are subsequent.

So there are some overlapping.

So if you're given a question, go with the one that you think is kind of like the Mona Lisa answer, this is the better example.

This is a better example of the geometric than it is, you know, subsequent or whatever it may be.

So go at the moment you think is the best.

I think we're good on centrifugal forces.

We'll talk about that a little bit more when we get to our possible for our queue questions.

City, state.

We talked about this more in terms of our urban unit, but it's a sovereign state, and then around it, kind of surrounding it, is the like rural areas, right?

City states are sovereign.

They're independent.

So they're not like regular cities.

Colonialism.

Just know the reasons for it, right?

That resource extraction.

Oftentimes colonialism, results from imperialism, where you have your core or your developed, or your industrialized countries, wedding access to materials, different resources, and different markets, so they colonize other places in order to access those resources and to take control of their markets.

And just be able to link that to neo-colonialism, right?

Where even though these states are now sovereign, right?

They have political sovereignty, they still are indirectly dependent on those former colonizers for economic development, right?

And you go all the way back to when we talked about the bond and Kotei Day of Wide Unit 3 as an example of that dependence.

I think Cote De of Wise, even an example mentioned in your textbook for Unit 7 for colonization.

Colony, same idea. Colonies are not sovereign.

Compact state, they tend to be small.

Not microstates. Tend to be small and circular with the capital somewhere near the middle.

France, good example.

Poland is another good example.

Democratization, which is my least favorite word to try to say.

It's the idea that democracy is growing, right?

We see more countries moving in that direction.

And because we could look at the end of the Cold War as an example of this with the kind of the decline of the Warsaw Pact, right?

We see countries moving into NATO that were once a part of the Warsaw pack because they're becoming democratic and now they're joining an organization that pledges to uphold the values of democracy.

Um, Devolution, right, that's a transfer power from, like, a central government to more local government.

So it's kind of like you're going from unitary to more federal, right?

We're giving a lot of power to local groups.

This is a good strategy to use if you are very uh, diverse, maybe a multinational state because if you give these groups, more autonomy, then they're less likely to feel, um, that they're not represented in their government, and they're less likely to try to separate or have separatist movements or extremist separatist movements, like we see with the ETA and the masks.

EEZ is an exclusive economic zone.

That ties a little bit more into unit three.

I'm not gonna ask you about exclusive economic zones on your unit 7 tests, but it is something we should know is we're getting closer to our final in our HD exam.

Um, Elongated state is one that is long and narrow.

Vietnam is a good example.

Chili's is a good example.

Thailand is another good example.

Enclave exclave.

Um, is surrounded by uh, another state, um, that's the enclave, right?

So, uh, Lasoko is like the best example of an enclave.

An exclave means it's separated from state.

Alaska is a great example of one of those.

Same with Kaleningrad.

Russia.

Ethnic cleansings.

We talked about those today with our quiz, right?

It's when you're trying to remove a particular ethic group from a particular area.

That way your group can claim homogeny over that area.

It often connects to your dentism, jumping out of your dentism.

That's when a national group from one country kind of leads over the borders into another country.

So if you can claim that, hey, look, our national group is there, there's no other group there, we should have control of that territory, right?

That's how kind of ethnic cleansings kind of play a part in that process.

We talked about federalism.

Frontier, kind of the Arctic, right, is kind of the one that is a current frontier, just because of, you know, satellite imagery and how well it is to monitor areas that were once like the frontier and kind of hard to govern. Those areas don't really exist anymore.

But like the American had a frontier for a while when it during manifest destiny as it was spreading western era that was kind of on the edge of civilization, which you go so easy to kind of govern.

Alaska, there's going to be Antarctica.

There's an area where a lot of groups kind of, you know, claim control, but it's a difficult area to control because nobody's really living or occupying that territory.

Genocide, remember, ethnic cleansing, you're trying to remove a group from a particular place.

Genocide, you're trying to exterminate them as a couple of people.

Usually it's a racial or epic.

Gerrymandering.

We talked about that the other day.

There's no, I know you gotta get confusing with packing and cracking, right?

But packing is when you try to stack a lot of people into one tightly knit area so that way they dominate that boating district, but they're then spread out in the others.

Cracking is kind of the opposite where you try to spread them out in mini districts.

So they're kind of enough in there to be significant, but not enough to win, right?

That would be that new craft.

So on the test, are you going to give like those 2 words or like the other names for one?

Because there's another name for...

Wasted or excess vote?

Yeah.

Could be either or, um, excess is the same as packing, right?

They kind of go, you have excess more than you need, right?

Wasted would be it's spread out so you don't quite get it, quite get enough.

To be honest, I don't know if I ask you specifically about wasted or excess.

I might just ask you about cherrymandering as a as a whole.

Because I'm a nice guy like that.

Imperials, and we talked about that, you're an anchism. Landlocked state.

I know there's a lot in Africa, you talk about Mongolia's a good example of it.

You just know the consequences, right?

It puts a significant burden on your economy because you need to create deals with your neighbors that do have access to a post in order for you to get really important products.

Because important products, like petroleum, other energy resources, their wheat even food is heavy.

You can't fly it in on a consistent basis.

It's too expensive.

So you need to create relationships if you are landlocked in order to get access to those.

Micro state, really, really small.

Monofield's a good example.

They're the smallest in the UN.

Multi-ethic, United States is a good example of that.

We're not a multinational state, but we are very diverse.

We have a lot of ethnicities, so we're a multi-ethnic state.

Multinational state where you have different national groups, right, that connect to the land, have a history there like the Scottish.

There's no group like the Scottish in the United States, right?

But the Scottish have a deep connection to their to their land and their cultural history. As do the Irish, right?

So that's what makes it a multinational state.

Nationalism, I think we're good there.

Nation, states, right?

Armenia, Israel, Iceland, there are good examples of nation states, Japanese, right?

North and South Korea.

When you have an ethnic group that is the vast majority of the population in a state, that's when you might have a nation state.

Perforated, South Africa, pro-upted, democratic for Congo.

Self-determination is the right to govern your self.

Sovereignty is when you have self-determination, right?

So self-determination is people should have the right to govern themselves, sovereigns, when you are a state that has complete control over your own affairs.

Soviet Union used to be the largest multinational state.

It doesn't exist anymore, but I know kind of the role of the Soviet Union, the United States, in terms of the balance of power during the Cold War, the formation of NATO, through that, as well as the Warsaw pack, which no longer exists, but there's good examples of satellite states. As a part of the Soviet Union.

That a term we need to know.

There's good examples of buffer states and shatter belts, right?

When you look at the separation of the West, which was Democratic from the East, which was communist, right?

We refer to as the Iron Curtain, right, in world history.

The state is the territory, right?

It needs to have a population.

It needs to have sovereignty.

It needs to be seen as a state by others in order for it to be considered a state.

Stateless station.

Kurds are the best example of it.

The Palestinians are another good example.

You can also have a multi-state nation like the Kurds, you can blend across the borders of multiple states.

Supernational organizations.

Make sure we know, and it kind of says that here towards the bottom where it says be able to know the, um, you know, what the United Nations does, who's a part of it, you know, what the European Union does, who's a part of it, into a NAPTA, ASEAN, and Territorial waters, right?

No, our exclusive economic zone, which is 200 nautical miles.

Look at our contingent zone over, you know, you have control over like pollution and immigration and customs, and then your territorial waters, which are 12 nautical miles, that's where you got control over passage.

We can come in and come out.

Terrorism, just with the different reasons for it and the different types of it, right?

The one that seemed to be the one that you guys were like, wait, what's the difference between subnational and domestic?

Those are happening within a country.

They're both at the same scale.

Subnational, it was a national group, right?

Like the Basques, they're a national group who wants to be their own nation, right?

When we look at, say, the Oklahoma City bombing, which was done by a couple white supremacists, they weren't a national group, right?

It's domestic terrorism, but it wasn't conducted by a national group looking for independence or more rights or something like that.

Unitary state, we're good there, but have some examples.

Japan's a good one.

North Korea is another good one.

And then the United Nations.

We kind of talked about them.

Make sure we understand their role as a supernational organization, and I would know, because it was kind of apparent today that maybe we didn't or had a blip on our kind of mental screens, know the security council, right?

Because they have extra kind of sway within the UN, and that would be Russia, China, United States, France, and great operation.

They're the permanent members of the security council anyway.

And they have veto power.

Also, something that's not on here, we should know a median line principle, right?

That's if, like, you and I have 200 miles of coast nautical miles, we can't each get 200 exclusive miles, so we split the difference.

I get 100, you get 100.

And we're both as happy as we can.

All right.

Possible for our cues.

Centripetal and centrifugal forces, be able to define both in detail, have some good examples and then have some examples of your examples.

So if I say like ethno nationalism is a centrifugal force, give me an example of ethno nationalism, right?

So be able to talk about it in some detail.

If I say uneven development is a centrophugal force.

Give me an example of it.

It would be great if you could have specific examples that are actually happening.

Your textbook does a good job of giving you a lot of those, but if you don't have some hypothetical vehicle to at least explain, hey, in a country that has uneven development, this could happen and that's why it's a centrifugal force, right?

Be able to, again, connect to places in the world that I've had these issues, like, especially with Centrifugal, like the Balkans, right?

As a place that adds, what are the central Google forces in the Balkans and what happened, right?

Be able to speak to some of those things.

We talked about, you know, ethnic cleansings, cleansings of Vas, you heard Scavania, as well as Kosovo.

We talked about civil war between Croatia and Serbia.

So be able to kind of point to those in some of those particular areas.

Same thing with some places in Africa, right?

What were the centrifugal forces between Sedan and what would become South Sedan?

Maybe in India and Pakistan, right?

That had those conflicts.

In Europe and Ireland, right?

There's so many we've talked about that you could look at those centrifugal forces, and be able to explain what those conflicts.

Know how maybe ethnicity played a part, religion, languages, all the above.

So again, have some good examples and then know some of those big ones, particularly we kind of studied, be able to use those as kind of ammunition for this FRQ if you're kid.

Ethic cleansing and genocide.

So be able to define each and differentiate.

Again, I would know the impact that this had in the Balkans and in Africa as well as, you know, South Asia, right?

Be able to look at some of the specific ones we looked at, we talked about genocide in World War II, right?

That's something you could reference.

We looked at genocide with regard to Rwanda.

We looked at genocide in Darfur, right?

So being able to have maybe some of those that we looked at in detail and some that you kind of put in your conflicts like case studies.

People have those to kind of explain those.

I wouldn't go much further past, like if we were asked to explain, one of these things.

Don't go much further past the Holocaust.

That should be like the furthest in history we go.

The things we usually look at should be that or more or more current.

And then what were the factors that caused the conflict, kind of like what we did with our last unit.

Like what caused the genocide to occur in the Holocaust or in Rwanda, what caused the Civil War in Sudan, what caused the ethnic cleansing in Kosovo, right?

To just explain it to a degree of pulling like other bowl cap terms.

Like if you're talking about the ethnic cleansing in Kosovo and you mention the idea of irridentism, that really enhances your answer, the quality of your answer.

Legacy of colonialism and imperialism.

This shouldn't be too bad of an FRQ because a lot of these things are overlapping.

So as you study for each one, you're kind of, you know, studying for one, you're studying for all of them.

There's definitely a lot of overlap here.

So know what colonialism and imperialism are, be able to define, talk about how it has impacted Africa, both from like a culture standpoint.

You can go back to like, you can talk about like language and religion, and the impact that's had on Africa, right?

Ethnic conflicts because of superimposed boundaries.

How has it impacted politics, right?

Control of these states?

This is where you would talk about like, hey, states created by a political void, right, rather than from a core area, they tend to have more conflict in ethnic conflict.

And we see that in Africa.

We see civil war between Sedan and South Sedan.

We see civil war between Ethiopia and Treya.

We see ethnic or genocide between the Hutu and the Tutsis and Rwanda.

So be able to kind of explain that.

How has it impacted economics?

This is when you would kind of tie this into core periphery, right?

In terms of like that dependency that we talked about, that these core countries, these periphery countries, this like decol or neo-colonialism, even though they are independent and sovereign, they are still dependent on the economies of Europe or North America or even China.

I'd be able to mention here with the legacy of colonialism, be able to specifically link it to superimposed boundaries and the impact that that's had on the political landscape in Africa and the problems.

I'd again, have an example.

There's so many, right?

In Rwanda, Hutu in the Tutsis in Nigeria, Hausa, Igbo, Yoruba, right?

In Africa, you have Arab Muslims, and then you have black Christians and black animists, right?

Be able to talk about the different groups that are brought together under the superimposed boundaries.

You can also talk about the legacy of colonialism, not only in Africa, but in South Asia, so you have Indian Pakistan and the partition of India.

You kind of talked about that.

Pakistan created for the Muslims, India created for the Hindus, but then it also led to conflict and kind of forced migrations from one group out into the other area.

Yeah.

And then the last one, nation, state, and multi-ethnic state.

I know the definitions for both and be able to differentiate between the two.

What is the difference?

And not even kind of a multinational in here as well. Right?

What is a multi, there was a multinational state and multi-ethics state.

People just explain how they're different.

Be able to explain how a nation state is or why a nation state is a nation state.

So in other definitions, be able to differentiate, know the world itself-determination played in this, right?

When empires fell, there was this idea that these different ethnic groups and a lot of it in Europe was based on language, right?

Should be able to govern themselves.

That's why we have more states now.

These empires fell, and nation states arose in their place because of the idea of self-determination.

Have some modern examples that you can talk about, like a nation state.

Why is it an Asian state, your textbook, you do some examples and explains why.

And then I'd also kind of link this to like unitary versus federal, right?

If I am a nation state.

I can be a unitary system of government because we already have those centripetal forces that common national identity that 98% of the population in years too, right?

And, say, Japan or is can connect to would be a better way of explaining it.

Or if you're a multinational state, you're probably going to incorporate federalism, because you don't have that necessary, same national identity, right, that a nation state would have.

So you give each group a lot of local control and autonomy over their fares.

That way every group feels connected to their government, feels represented and included in their government, that can calm separatist movements and extreme separative movements.

Like, again, we see the ETA and the Basques or what we saw in terms of Balkanization.

It can maybe kind of calm those feelings.

All right.

Again, I think there's a whole lot of overlap between these FRQs.

So.

Yeah.

Unit 5

Animism. One of our ethnic religions, primarily, is... There's too many subs here in Africa. Anything that we're being asked about, like, oh, there's something that's inanimate? Like, a thunderstorm, have, like, a spirit, a soul, a conscience. That's, uh, that's animism. Apartheid, we talked about that today, legalized segregation, uh, specific to South Africa. A barrio. I'm not gonna ask you about a barri. But a Mario, it's a Latin American city with extreme poverty. So it's an area that might be, I got out of the suburbs, kind of like a squatter settlement, but I'm not gonna ask you about Florida. Um, black pussy. We talk about that back in unified, but just know how it connects to, like, the cultural aspect. It's usually an ethnic group that is, uh, kind of at the heart of blockbusting. Right? It's a minority group moving in, real estate developers will then kind of scare the white community out, and that's what is white flight. And then they filter the homes to make them cheaper for the tenants, but more financially lucrative for themselves. And then the epic neighborhood for community moves into that neighborhood. And we see that, and we look at the, you know, African American community in places like Baltimore. We see that expansion out from the center city, out into the first ring of the suburbs. Just know that filtering has a lot of problems, right? The homes can become more and more and more deteriorated. Um, with the quality housing, I have to be a problem, which can lead to more poverty, more interested in crime, things like that. Branch is a big, large fundamental section of a religion, right? In fact, it's the first division within a religion. Right? So when we have Christianity, that's a religion, and then we have Catholicism would be a branch, right? It a big division, Eastern Orthodox, in other words. Protestant is another branch. And just to jump down to denomination, right, denomination is that when we divide up a branch. Right? So, like, Lutheranism is a denomination of Protestantism, which is a branch of Christianity, right? So, kind of gets a little bit more specific as we go down, and then the most specific, and this is over with the right call, is a sect. That is a division within a denomination. So SEC divides up into nomination, denomination divides up a branch, branch divides up the religion. We look at Sunni and Shiite, our branches of... Cosmology, we talked about that the other day. It's beliefs regarding the origin of the universe, different religions, type, different kind of stories to explain how this world and the universe and all that came to be, that is cosmogony, the denomination. Diocese is a political or a geographic unit of Catholicism. We talk about how it's a hierarchical religion, and land is broken down into dioceses, and then each diocese is broken down into a parish, so a diocese is ruled by a bishop or overseen by a bishop. So it is a really good example of why Catholicism is a hierarchical... Uh, Ethic Clemson, we talk quite a bit about it. We'll talk more about it in our next unit, but when you try to clear a territory of a particular ethnic, right? Clear out that at the group, and then the group that's usually doing the clearing, um, is able to claim that land, um, and say, It should be part of ours, or we should have our nation state, because we now are a higher percentage of the population, and the cleansings can obviously turn really, really violent, particularly for the group that's made ethnically, uh, cleansed. Um, the city, just though it's a big connection to kind of cultural traditions, right? It's one of the big three, when we look at ethnicity, we look at religion, and we look at language. Ethnicity is also something that is learned, right? You learn the traits of your ethnicity, like Hispanic is an ethnicity, generally associated around the Spanish labors and traditions of that. But those are things you learn. You learn the later. So that this is historic. Fundamentalism has to do with religion, right? Religious fundamentalists typically have views on their religion that are uncompromising, particularly pertains to, like, the words of a holy book, which, obviously, holy books were written a long time ago, and that can sometimes create friction with the values of modern society. But fundamentalists are not violent. They just have very strong in offering, sometimes different opinions on something that maybe the rest of society. Extremism is when fundamentalism turns combined, right? That we have religious expressions. A ghetto, right, we talked about that. Your textbook has it as a definition, right? Usually it's an ethnic neighborhood, typically of bigger cities, and they're typically more associated with lower economic status, higher raising property. Hire Google religion. Catholicism is probably the best example of a hierarchical religion, because we talked about the land division, right, really structured. We also have a hierarchy in terms of the clergy, pope, then cardinals, archbishop, bishop, Preet's kind of working your way down. Mormonism also has a really strong hierarchy. Mormonism or Latter Day States is a good example. of a hierarchical religion. Autonomous religions would be religions like Islam or Protestantism, like baptism, that they don't have that hierarchy. Those are autonomous religions. It occurs, our religions out of India, right? The big ones are Hinduism, Buddhism, and Sikhism. Those are our religions out of India, and they have indicodes. To jump over to Semitic hertzs, our Semitic hertzars are hertz out of Southwest Asia. So that would be our Abrahamic religions, Israel, Christianity, and is our out of Semitic. And then our East, Asian herths, we didn't talk a ton about them, but, like, Taoism, would be one, Confucianism is another one your textbook talks about. those are out of China, and then Shintoism out of Japan. One god, one god, Judaism, considered the oldest monotheistic religion. Nationality is with a group of people, right? So our nationality. The nation is people, right? And it's allegiance to land, a territory of countries, right? So when the ethnicity becomes a nationality, when there's some legal attachment to the land, that is applied. Pilgrimage, is it religious, trip to a holy place? The kind of best example would be the pilgrimage to Mecca, that Muslims make during the Hajj. There's other pilgrimages that are made to other influential sites, for example, Jews and Christians will often make pilgrimages to the Western wall and use. Uh, Poly is of multiple religions. Your textbook qualifier classifies Hinduism as a polytheistic religion, but some of those ancient religions that you guys studied way back when, like, ancient Greece, Rome, Egypt, those were examples of all ideas for the soup. Race is genetic, right? It's passed down from one person to the other. Society has kind of charged skin colors being kind of that marker of grease. Racism is, uh, looking at people as being genetically inferior because of one of those, uh, genetic markers getting typically is, uh, skin color. Sacred space would be, like, areas that are important for worship, so like a church, a mosque, something like that, burial sites. Just know what each of the main religions, what they're wholly, or the place of worship are called, like Muslims, mosques, who just pagodas, Christians, churches. Judaism has synagogues and temples. So just know that the religious. Sect, we talked about that already. Secularism is kind of removing religion from the equation. It's not anti religious, it's just not about religion, and sometimes we have secular sites that are sacred, like 9/11 kind of gets that connection in your textbook, the site in Manhattan, where the World Trade Towers used to be, is, again, kind of a side of pilgrimage, and it's succulent. Shaman is, I'm not gonna ask you, Shamanism, but it's a religion that's kind of led by a shaman, who's, like, a healer or some type of, like, health, like, mystic, connected to the spiritual world. So your criticism, right, that's blending different religious, in this case, or cultural traits together. different cultural traditions. And then universalizing religion would be ones that seek out kind of global adherence, they're heterogeneous, right? They have missionary trying to convert new members. I think religions are the opposite. They don't seek out new converts. Though oftentimes you can't convert, it's rare, or at least a lot less than universalizing approaches. And it's specific to a specific place, typically. Any questions on any of that? All. Hmm? If possible, have a cartoon. First one is diffusion and distribution out of religion. So you have a map in your textbook, you need to know where the major religions are in terms of their global distribution. And then, kind of our annotated map is helping us with this. Why are they? Where they are? So why do we see Islam in Northern Africa? Not birds, Earth is? Why is it there? Why is it as far east as Indonesia? So we talk about like conquests of Persian Arabic empires, bringing religion with them as they conquer. That'd be hierarchical diffusion, right? Know the specific type of diffusion. I felt like Buddhism, mainly through trade, right, along the Silk Road. That's why I infused into China, created it, Japan, right? So have some of those specific examples, like Christianity. in Rome, right? And for Theodosius made it the official religion. Constantine converted, hierarchical confusions, obviously, specific example, for Christianity, I'd also be able to connect to, like, colonization and imperialism. That had bringing Christianity to the Americas, and also into subSatarian Africa. They able to talk about the differences in terms of distribution of universalizing and ethnic religions, right? The particular places are really important for ethnic religions. They don't distribute far from them. Jews kind of being the exception, but like Hindus are in India, right? In terms of animistic religions, in the regions to which they develop themselves here in Africa, that's where we see them. We don't see them diffusing far. So be able to explain why there's a difference between the distribution of universalizing and ethnic religions, and maybe provide it, like, an example, right? The gage is being really important to Hindus, which is in India, right? That's part of, like, an example why they don't go far, they want to be near this river that has, like, healing, uh, qualities or capabilities, stuff or right now. Ethnicity in the, you can grab a seat if you want, Jesse. It's okay. You want to chill, you can come in and chill. Ethnicity in the U.S. I know the distribution of ethnicities in the U.S., right? We talked about that when we did our map. Again, know the big three, right, which would be the different Asian ethnicities. We kind of love them together to make it simple. Hispanic and African American, be able to identify where they are. So if I were to show you on a map like, hey, which group is this? Be able to tell me based on where they are. Oh, I know that's where the Hispanic population is clustered, and that's where the African American populations are clustered, right? And then be able to explain why. Why is it in that area? That is gonna connect to diffusion, be able to, again, explain the type of diffusion. If you're talking about the connection to the slave trade, for why there's a lot of African Americans in the South, then talk about forced migration, right? Give that specific reason why, right? If we're looking at internal migration, right? Be able to explain why that's happening. So give a specific reason to account for that distribution. Uh, how about push both factors as well, right? Factors, sharecropping, the full factors, job, and factors in the north, and that led to the great migration, right? Be able to talk about those specific things that's gonna make your response really, really good. But again, know the internal and international migration powders, for Hispanics and Asians, it's very similar, right? It's just, they went to different areas, so know about, like, the changing of the quota loss. Know about the importance of chain migration, right? Know about the awards of step, migration, right? You know the awards, like borderland regions, right? Going in the closest big city possible, they're gonna go to, therefore, the closest in the new country, so they're closer to the border, right? Be able to explain those trends that we talk about in unit 2, how they apply to these different ethic groups. Religious conflicts, uh, if I give you one, it's gonna run before that are on those case studies, so I would know those pretty, pretty well. Um, so, though, those, like, histories of those conflicts, I know the history of, like, what happened with Jerusalem, uh, to be Israel and Palestine, right? Going back to the partition of the region by the British, and then the, you know, six day war, and so on, and so forth. So be able to connect some of the major events that have led to it. Same things, say Ireland and Northern Ireland. or the Balkans. No, the different groups that are involved, right? In Israel, it's Israelis and Palestinians, Israeli, similar to Jewish, Palestinians, particularly Muslims, Palestinians. It would be ethnicity, right, where the kind of transcends away to a nationality. They want to have control of the land. right So be able to connect the routes to like the land, right? Because in all of those circumstances, it's not just like, oh, this religion doesn't like that religion, and so they're fighting each other. There's land attached in each and every one of them, right? Trying to control more territory, or trying to earn gay back territory in Ireland, winning a united Ireland instead of having Northern Ireland staying with the UK. So people talk about kind of the land, and I'd also say the political connections of those conflicts. So, though those as well. So, like, what land are they fighting for? Why are they fighting for it? What are the political ramifications? That kind of way that ties into, like, nationalities, right? Be able to account for it for those. And again, if I give you one, it's gonna be one of the four from the case studies that you guys are doing. So if you know those really well, then that would probably be an easy MRQ if you can get it. And then last one, Nationality, Institute Race, how are they different? Again, the tricky one is nationality and ethnicity. Keep in mind that, again, national ethnicity and nationality can be the same, right? But the reasons are different. So ethnicity are those learned traits, when it becomes a nationality, it's because land is attached, right? So the Japanese ethnicity in Japan makes that a nationality. It's about majority of people in Japan share that ethnicity. It's a nation state, right? So now that becomes a nationality. In Belgium, right, we have two nations, we have the Flemish, and we have the Walloons, but land is still attached, right? There is a Flanders, and there is a whole Bologna. They are connected to that specific territory, that specific land. You can say the same thing, say about the cuba quoi, right? The Francophones in Quebec. There's a specific area of land is attached, even if you don't have that land attached, and you want that land to be there, now it's a nationality. to talk people in Scotland who have, you know wanted to break away from you pay In fact it's even been voted on in their legislature to break away from the UK, right? Those individuals who want to break away, their nationality's gonna be Scottish. Those who want to stay with the United Kingdom, their nationalities, British, right? So it can be very kind of different depending on how land is attached to how people feel about the... Yeah, and there's know if something, like, know what our, the three races are, that we look at in new geography in terms of black, white, and Asian, they'll come of our ethnicities, like, Hispanics would be ethnicity, what constitutes, and ethnicity, and... Yeah, that one should be... Questions, comments, concerns? All right.

Unit 6

Apart, I thought we talked about more in unit six. It is kind of a system of governance, which is why it would apply here. Just remember apartheid, right, that segregation in South Africa, particularly of the Black groups, in turn, so those bond two stands and all that good stuff. or bad stuff, right? But make sure we know, uh... no apartheid. Vulcanization is something we talked a lot about. It's the idea that a kind of state can or region can break down because of conflicts among ethnic groups, right? And the Balkans are just a really good example of that. We see volcanization in a lot of other places, like Nigeria, we've seen volcanization, in Sedan, we've seen volcanization, but it gets its name for those conflicts in the Balkans, right, but that led to, you know, ethnic cleansings, and civil wars, and a lot of conflict, as Hugosov, you broke down into multiple states. Berlin Conference, that one's been the Europeans, without any regard for the Africans, divided up Africa for their benefit, and they created superimposed boundaries. With those superimposed boundaries, we brought multiple at the groups together, kind of under one border, and that creates that political void, or that power vacuum, when colonization ends, who's gonna control this newly formed, newly created state, right? With the Berlin Conference, it's why we see kind of state shapes that are proruptive, is sub-Sarian Africa, like the Democratic Republic of Congo so that Belgium could have access to a coast. I think we're good on what a border boundary is. Just make sure we know our different types of borders and boundaries. There's some overlap to them. Like, you can have consequent boundaries that are also antecedent boundaries. And you can have geometric boundaries that are also antecedent boundaries. You can have consequent that are subsequent. So, there are some overlapping. So if you're given a question, go with the one that you think is kind of, like, the Mona Lisa answer. This is the better example, um, this is the better example of the geometric than it is, uh, you know, subsequent, or whatever it may be, so go at the moment you think is the best. I think we're good on centripol and centrifugal forces. We'll talk about that a little bit more when we get to our, uh, possible for our Q questions. City, state, we talked about this more in terms of our, um, urban unit, but it's a sovereign state, and then around it kind of surrounding it is the, like, rural areas, right? City states are sovereign, they're independent, so they're not, like, regular cities. Colonialism, just know the reasons for it, right? That resource extraction. oftentimes colonialism, results from imperialism, where you have your core, or your developed, or your industrialized countries, wanting access to materials, different resources, and different markets, so they colonize other places in order to access those resources and to take control of their markets, and just be able to link that to neo colonialism, right? Where even though these skates are now sovereign, right, they have political sovereignty, they still are indirectly dependent on those former colonizers, for economic development, right? And you go all the way back to when we talked about Gavon and Kotay De of Wide, Unit 3, as an example of that dependence. I think Cote De of Wise, even an example mentioned in your textbook for Unit 7 for colonization. Colonies, same idea, colonies are not sovereign. Compact state, they tend to be small enough microstates. Tend to be small, and circular with the capital somewhere near the middle. France, good example, Poland is a, uh, another good example. Democratization, which is my least favorite word to try to say. It's the idea that democracy is growing, right? We see more countries moving in that direction. Because we could look at the end of the Cold Wars and example of this with the kind of the decline of the Warsaw Pact, right? We see countries moving into NATO that were once a part of the Warsaw pack, because they're becoming democratic, and now they're joining an organization that pledges to uphold the values of democracy. Devolution, right, that's a transfer of power, uh, from, like, uh, a central government to more local government, so it's kind of like you're going from unitary to more federal, right? We're giving a lot of power to local groups. This is a good strategy to use if you are very diverse, maybe a multinational state, because if you give these groups more autonomy, then they're less likely to feel that they're not represented in their government, and they're less likely to try to separate or have separatist movements, or extremist separatist movements, like we see with the ETA and the masks. EZ is an exclusive economic zone. That ties a little bit more into unit three. I'm not gonna ask you about exclusive economic zones on your unit 7 tests, but it is something we should know is we're getting closer to our final and our HD exam. Elongated state is one that is long and narrow. Vietnam is a good example. Chili is a good example. Thailand is another good example. Inklave, exclave. Um... is surrounded by, uh, another state, um, that's the enclave, right? So, uh, the sootho is, like, the best example of an enclave. An exclave means it's separated from state. Alaska is a great example of one of those, same with Kaleningrad, Russia. And big cleansings, we talked about those today with our quiz, right? It's when you're trying to remove a particular, ethnic group from a particular area. That way your group can claim homogeny over that area. It often connects to your dentism, jumping out of your dentism, that's when a national group from one country kind of leads over the borders into another country. So if you can claim that, hey, look, our national group is there, there's no other group there, we should have control of that territory, right? That's how kind of ethnic cleansings kind of play a part in that process. We talked about federalism, uh, frontier, kind of the Arctic, right? is kind of the one that is a current frontier, just because of, you know, satellite imagery, and how well it is to monitor areas that were once, like, the frontier and kind of hard to govern. Those areas don't really exist anymore. But, like, the American had a frontier for a while, during manifest destiny, as it was spreading western air, that was kind of on the edge of civilization, which you go so easy to kind of govern. Alaska, there's gonna be Antarctica, is an area where a lot of groups kind of, you know, claim control, but it's a difficult area to control, because nobody's really living or occupying that territory. Genocide, remember, ethnic cleansing, you're trying to remove a group from a particular place. genocide, you're trying to exterminate them as a group of people. Usually it's a racial or epic. Gerrymandering, we talked about that the other day. I know you gotta get confusing with packing and cracking, right? But packing is when you try to stack a lot of people into one tightly knit area, so that way, they dominate that boating district, but they're then spread out in the others. Cracking's kind of the opposite, where you try to spread them out in many districts, so there are kind of enough in there to be significant, but not enough to win. Right? That would be crappy. So on the test, are you gonna give, like, those two words or, like, the other names for them? Because there's another name. Wasted or access vote? Yeah. Could be either, or, um, excess is the same as packing, right? They kind of go, you have excess more than you need, right? Wasted would be it's spread out so you don't quite get it. quite good enough. Yeah. To be honest, I don't know if I ask you specifically about wasted or excess. I might just ask you about cherrymandering as a whole. Because I'm a nice guy like that. Imperialism, we talked about that here in Antism. Landlock state. No, there's a lot in Africa. You've talked about Mongolia's a good example of it. You just know the consequences, right? It puts a significant burden on your economy, because you need to create deals with your neighbors that do have access to a post in order for you to get really important products. Because important products, like petroleum, other energy resources, their wheat even food is heavy. You can't fly it in on a consistent basis. It's too expensive. So you need to create relationships if you are landlocked in order to get access to those. Micro State, really, really small. Monaco's a good example. They're the smallest in the UN. Multi-ethic, United States, is a good example of that. We're not a multinational state, but we are very diverse. We have a lot of ethnicities, so we're multi ethnic state. Multinational state, where you have different national groups, right, that connect to the land, have a history there like the Scottish. There's no group like the Scottish in the United States, right? But the Scotties have a deep connection to their land and their cultural history. as do the Irish, right? So that's what makes it a multinational state. Nationalism, I think we're good there. Nation states, right, Armenia, Israel, Iceland, they're good examples of nation states, Japanese, right? North and South Korea. When you have an ethnic group that is the vast majority of the population in a state, that's when you might have a nation state. Perforated, South Africa, uh, pro erupted, Democratic, for Congo, uh, self determination is the right to govern yourself. Sovereignty is when you have self determination, right? So self determination is people should have the right to govern themselves, sovereignties, when you are a state that has complete control over your own affairs. Soviet Union used to be the largest multinational state. It doesn't exist anymore, but I know kind of the role of the Soviet Union and the United States, in terms of the balance of power during the Cold War, the formation of NATO through that, as well as the Warsaw pack, which no longer exists, but there's good examples of satellite states. as a part of the Soviet Union. That a term we need to know. There's good examples. The buffer states and shatter belts, right? When we look at the separation of the West, which was Democratic, from the East, which was communist, right? referred to as the Iron Curtain, in world history. State is the territory, right? It needs to have a population, it needs to have sovereignty, it needs to be seen as a state by others in order for it to be considered a state. Stateless nation, Kurds are the best example of it. The Palestinians are another good example. You can also have a multi state nation, like the Kurds, you blend across the borders of multiple states. Supernational organizations will, uh, make sure we know, uh, and it kind of says that here towards the bottom, where it says, be able to, uh, know the, um, you know, what the United Nations does, who's a part of it, you know, what the European Union does, who's a part of it, into a NAPTA, ASEAN, and data. Territorial waters, right? No, our exclusive economic zone, which is 200 nautical miles. Look at our, uh, contingent zone over, you know, you have control over, like, pollution, and immigration, and customs, and then your territorial waters, which are 12 nautical miles, that's where you got control over passage. We can come in and come out. Terrorism, just of the different reasons for it, and the different types of it, right? The one that seemed to be the one that you guys were like, Wait, what's the difference between subnational and domestic? Those are happening within a country. They're both at the same scale. Subnational, it was a national group, right? Like the Basques, they're a national group who wants to be their own nation, right? When we look at, say, the Oklahoma City bombing, which was done by a couple of white supremacists, they weren't a national group, right? That's domestic terrorism, but it wasn't producted by a national group looking for independence or more rights or something like that. Unitary state, we're good there, but have some examples. Japan's a good one. North Korea is another good one. And then the United Nations, we kind of talked about them, make sure we understand their role as a supernatural organization. And I would know, because it was kind of apparent today that maybe we didn't or had to blip on our kind of mental screens, know the security council, right? Because they have extra kind of sway within the UN, and that would be Russia, China, United States, France, and Great Corporate. They're the permanent members of the security council, anyway, and they have veto power. Also, something that's not on here, we should know a median line principle, right? That's if, like, you and I have 200 miles of coast nautical miles. We can't each get 200 exclusive miles, so we split the difference. I get 100, you get 100. And we're both as happy as we can. All right. Possible bar cues. Centripetal and centrifugal forces. Be able to define both in detail, have some good examples, and then have some examples of your example. So if I say, like, ethno nationalism is a centrifugal force, give me an example of ethno nationalism, right? So be able to talk about it in some, uh, detail. If I say uneven development, as a centrofugal force, give me an example of it. It would be great if you could have specific examples that are actually happening. Your textbook does a good job of giving you a lot of those, but if you don't have some hypothetical, be able to at least explain, Hey, in a country that has uneven development, this could happen, and that's why it's a centrifugal force, right? Yeah, again, connect to places in the world that have had these issues, like, especially with centrifugal, like the Balkans, right? As a place that had, what are this introfugal forces in the Balkans? and what happened, right? Be able to speak to some of those things. We talked about, you know, ethnic cleansings, cleansings of Vasia, Herzkovania, as well as Kosovo. We talked about civil war between Croatia and Serbia. So be able to kind of point to those in some of those particular areas. Same thing with some places in Africa, right? What were the centrifugal forces between Sedan and what would become South Sedan? Maybe in India and Pakistan, right? That had those conflicts. In Europe, in Ireland, right? There's so many we've talked about that you can look at those centrifugal forces, and be able to explain what those conflicts. Know how maybe ethnicity played a part, religion, languages, all the above. So, again, have some good examples, and then know some of those big ones, particularly, we kind of studied. Be able to use those as kind of ammunition for this, uh, FRQ, if you're, if you're content. At the cleansing and genocide. So be able to define each and differentiate. Again, I would know the impact that this had in the Balkans, and in Africa, as well as, you know, South Asia, right? Be able to look at some of the specific ones we looked at. We talked about genocide in World War II, right? That something you could reference. When you looked at genocide with regard to Rwanda, We looked at genocide in Darfur, right? So be able to have maybe some of those that we looked at in detail, and some that you kind of put in your conflicts, like case studies. Be able to have those to kind of explain those. I wouldn't go much further past, like, if we were asked to explain, one of these things. Don't go much further past the Holocaust. That should be, like, the furthest in history we go. The things we should look at should be that or more or more current. And then what were the factors that caused the conflict? of like what we did with our last unit. Like, what caused the genocide to occur in the Holocaust or in Rwanda? What caused the Civil War in Sudan? Because the epic cleansing in Kosovo, right? The able to just explain it to a degree of pulling like other vocal terms. Like, if you're talking about the ethic cleansing in Kosovo, and you mentioned the idea of irridentism, that really enhances your answer, the quality of your answer. Legacy of colonialism and imperialism. This shouldn't be too bad of an FRQ because a lot of these things are overlapping. So if you study for each one, you're kind of, you know, studying for one, you're studying for all of them. There's definitely a lot of overlap here. So know what colonialism and imperialism are to be able to define, talk about how it is impacted Africa, both from like a culture standpoint. You can go back to like, you can talk about like language and religion, and the impact that's had on Africa, right? I think conflicts because of superimposed boundaries. How has it impacted politics, right? Control of these states. This is where you would talk about like, hey, states created by a political void, right? Rather than from a core area, they tend to have more conflict in ethnic conflict. And we see that in Africa. We see civil war between Sedan and South Sedan. We see civil war between Ethiopia or Treya. We see ethnic or genocide between the Hutu and the Tutu's and Rwanda. to be able to kind of explain that. How has it impacted economics? This is when you would kind of tie this into core periphery, right, in terms of, like, that dependency that we talked about, that these core countries, these periphery countries, this, like, decol or neo colonialism, even though they are independent and sovereign, they are still dependent on the economies of Europe or North America, or even China. I'd be able to mention here with the legacy of colonialism, we have the specifically link it to superimposed boundaries, and the impact that that's had on the political landscape in Africa and the problems. I'd again have an example. There's so many, right? In Rwanda, Hutu and the Tutsis, in Nigeria, Hausa, Igbo, Yoruba, right? In Africa, you have Arab Muslims, and then you have black Christians and black animists, right? Be able to talk about the different groups that are brought together under the superimposed boundaries. You can also talk about the legacy of colonialism, not only in Africa, but in South Asia. So you have Indian Pakistan, and the partition of India. You kind of talk about that. Pakistan created for the Muslims, India created for the Hindus, but then it also led to conflict and kind of forced migrations from one group out into the other area. Yeah. And then the last one, nation, state, and multi-ethnic state. Another definitions for both and be able to differentiate between the two. What is the difference? And not even kind of a multinational in here as well. Right? What is a multi, there is a multinational state and multi-ethics state. People just explain how they're different. Be able to explain how a nation state is or why initiative state is a nation state. So, another definition is be able to differentiate, know the world itself determination played in this, right? When empires fell, there was this idea that these different ethnic groups, and a lot of it in Europe was based on language, right? should be able to govern themselves. That's why we have more states now. These empires fell, and nation states arose in their place because of the idea of self determination. Have some modern examples that you can talk about, like a nation state. Why is it an Asian state, your textbook gives you some examples that explains, why? And then I'd also kind of link this to, like, unitary versus federal, right? If I'm a nation state, I can be a unitary system of government, because we already have those centripetal forces that common national identity that 98% of the population adheres to, right? In, say, Japan, or is can connect to, would be a better way of explaining it. Or if you're a multinational state, you're probably going to incorporate federalism because you don't have that necessary, same national identity, right? That a nation state would have. So you give each group a lot of local control and autonomy over their fares. That way, every group feels connected to their government, feels represented and included in their government that can calm separatist movements and extreme separative movements. Like, again, we see the ETA, and the Basques, or what we saw in terms of Balkanization. It can maybe kind of calm those feelings. All right. Again, I think there's a whole lot of overlap between these FRQs, so. Yeah.

Additional

1

Describe where it's been Dartford, or a map is, tournamentional object of the world surface, but you can't create a perfect shape of the sphere, so we have to project it, and the way we project it is going to provide good plenty of distortion. Place the singular point on Earth's surface, define my characteristic, region, usually cut... The same spot, it's doing kind of factors. No, we have different types of regions and be able to, like, identify them uniform and formal, do the same thing, nodal, and functional, and also our vernacular, and our perceptual. scale, right? When you're asked to describe like the scale multiple choice, it's a little bit easier, but like on an FRQ, I'd be as descriptive as possible. So if it was like showing like all of the United States and then each state and then each county, I would say this is a map of the United States showing us the county level scale, right? So that you're kind of explaining as much as you can. with your scale, cartography, things like that we're good at. Projection, make sure we know our projections, there are a few. They just need to be able to identify them. So it's kind of memorization. So be able to recognize Robinson projection, be able to recognize Mercantor projection. Peter's projection. We going to work on these a little bit when you come back from the break. Good Humboldzey, projection. So just be able to recognize them. Remote sensing. That is, when you take a picture, way up high from outer space of earth surface, needs to be done through air, hotter balloons. Now it's done more through like drones and satellite imagery. GIS. Not a significant one, especially with like gerrymandering. They can go say a lot of data in terms of like where do we put a store, where's the best place to close the store, where we can create political advantage through voting districts, GIS. Basically, just into computers, right? Analyzing the data and creating mashup, layered maps, so that you're able to make the best decisions. GPS, that's our kind of location on the surface. Location, we're good. We better be good on top of it. Know the influence of history on top of it, right? That place dates typically are going to have some type of cultural connection that we can kind of learn about oftentimes of settlers just by the place of name, right? The language that it's in, if it's referencing a certain type of religion or a certain denomination, of a religion, we can start to learn about the people who will organize it. Pretty good. Can I call you? Yeah, I'm not. Are you doing it?? All right. You guys waiting for it? All right, so... Uh... Sight, that's your absolute location, right? That's where you are. Human and physical characteristics. Situation, our textbook refers to as, like, relative location. You know, the same thing. It's where you are relative to other things, right? So, the situation of, like, you know, Boston is it's near the Atlantic Ocean, near New York, near, you know, the Great Lakes. This is where you are proximated other things. When we look at it from industrialization, that your transportation cost, is where you are in terms of like the proximity to your market, or to your inputs, where you put your battery. Ingridians, right? The equator is the prime, it's gonna be a quick. Bridges and prime meridian is one that runs through Greenwich, England, but we can move it wherever we want. They are manmade our parallels. Those were scientific. We cannot change the equator. Those are the ones that run east-west. Our meridian should meet in the polls, right? And an emergency or projection, they don't. That's why it distorts the polls pretty significantly. Cultural landscape, right? For the region. we're more functional. We should be should be good there. Perceptual is kind of the hard one. You feel that it ties into people's, like, mental maps. We might define the American South as something different than somebody living in Kentucky versus something who lives in Alabama, but they're gonna have different perceptions of what the South is, what is the Midwest. Those are our perceptual regions. Cultural ecology, human environment interactions, environmental determinism. This is the old outdated philosophy. The idea that human civilizations and societies are kind of controlled by the environment, where now we look at it kind of more, a little bit the other way around, like humans can modify their environment based on technology that's available. Why can people live in Las Vegas, which is just a desert climate. Because we have air conditioning now. We have irrigation. You can take the water from the Colorado River, and bring it to Las Vegas. That's possible, then, right? So that's more accepted by modern. New York, climate zones, slide, clear, out, technically, a good job of kind of running out, each one, where they're at. Globalization, pretty good on globalization. Make sure we know our densities. We'll talk more about them when we get to unit two, looking at our different types of density, but just what density is, right? It's the arrangement of features within space. Typically, as we talk about the smaller the space, the higher the density, right? So start with your space. If it's a big space, even if there's a lot of things happening, like, um, China's not super dense, yes, it has a huge population, but it's a huge space. So start with space. If it's a big space, typically low density, if it's a small space, typically, we're gonna have higher density. pattern, right? Any patterns we can identify within the arrangement, and then our concentration, our things clustered. Are they a spur stripe? Those are just ways of describing the spatial distribution of things. Distance decay? Is the further we get away from something, the less influence we are by it? When we add gravity model to this, so it ties in distance decay, but then we're also looking at populations. So two place of the same population, or higher populations, even though they're further apart, they may have more interaction because of that population. The fusion. I think we're good there. Just make sure we know our different types and if we're asked to talk about this fusion of something on an FRQ. Make sure we.

2

We've done, well, both the union camps and like finals in. data. So we just kind of go through it, go wait. Uh, demography, study population characteristics, uh, natural increase rate, we get that by calculating the free birth rate from the crew dad's rate, right? Take your birth to subtract the depths, and that's your increase rate, right? You divided them 5,000, you get your percent, because that's what we're doing for our natural labor, our team, our group. That migration is then the amount of people coming in per 1,000 people. Again, countries like the United States are gonna have an end migration, countries that are LTCs, are typically gonna have a net out migration. And fit mortality rate is the number of deaths in the first of your life. Child mortality rape is the number of deaths from zero to five. Total facility rate. Just make sure we know that a total fertility rate, if that's a number of children, a woman will have, the higher that it is, obviously, the higher your natural increase rate is, the higher that it is, typically, the lower the level of development. So if you see, like, a total fertelierated, like, the 5 that subs to here in Africa, a lesser developed area, 2.1 is zero population growth, right? So it naturally increase rate of zero. We need your total fertility rate is 2.1. Dependency ratio. Remember, that puts a burden on the working class. You want it to be roughly 50-50. And you want it to kind of be even so that as younger people are getting older than you have older people who are getting into that elderly state, that way it's always kind of even. You don't want a circumstance where you have a lot of dependence or a circumstance where you're gonna have a lot of dependence in the future, right? So right now, we might have a lot of people who are working cohorts, but very young people, there are not a lot of young people. That's fine now, but that, in the future, it has future implications where those working population, they get older, and if you have very few young people, then getting into that working cohort, then you're gonna have an aging population. You have a lot of people eating things like social security, Medicaid, and different types of Medicare. Not a lot of people work. I think we got on our different types of arithmetic density, population patterns. we're a good bear. Remember, our main areas of population are East Asians one, South Asia is another, then Southeast Asia, and Europe. Those are our four, uh, clusters, and textbookos, and get some details about, uh, each one, population pyramids. Tell us about the population of different places. They've been presented in different scales. It shows, like, a whole country, for a city within a country, right? If we look at the population pyramid of the United States, it's gonna be a stage four country, very barreled, right, where we have, like, roughly the same number in each cohort, because we're near that zero population growth, that naturally moves rate of zero. But if you were to look at, and our textbook gives us some examples like retirement community in the United States, then it's like an inverted pyramid, right? Because we have a lot of older people in those retired communities. But if you kind of change the structure, just know, like, what each pyramid might be telling us about the population, right? If it looks very pyramid, like, then it's going to be a stage two country. If we see the middle starting to pinch in a little bit, right, because we start to see younger cohorts then, it might be stage three. Like, it looks very much like a pure, like, a barrel, that stage four. And then if it's inverted upside down, that's gonna be a high stage stage five. No better ecumene, that's where people live. We tend to be near water areas. We also tend to be living in a urban areas. The Acume Disney area, for permanent settlement, that has expanded over the centuries. There's more area where people can live because of improvements in technology. That's an example of possibleism. No more demographic transition. Honestly, just one through five. Nobody's currently at stage one. It's more like nomadic lifestyles. That's where you have really high birds, and really high depths, so they're canceling each other out, which means it naturally increased strength is going to be really, really low. And then stage two is with those death rates drop. Countries that are developed, they entered this stage with the industrial revolution, right? Countries that are kind of lesser developed, they entered this stage with, like, the Green Revolution in the 1970s. And that's when death breaks off a birth rate study really, really high. Remember, that's how we calculated our natural increase rate. We have a lot of birds, but not a lot of deaths. That means we're really growing as a population. That's far more birds, people coming into the world than people leading it. Stage three is a declining growth. You're still growing. You can see there's still a gap between your birth and death grade, still more people being born than dying, but that gap is getting closer and closer and closer. So you're still growing, you're just not growing as fast in stage three. And then stage four is little to no growth. Stage five, which would be when you have an inverted population pyramid, and you are now declining in your... Malthus, know about Malthus and Neo Malthusians. I remember Thomas Malthus thought there'd be more people than food. He was wrong about that. You didn't account for, like, the creativity that more a higher population could spark, where we can kind of meet the needs of our growing population. We thought we'd have too many people, and that would result in, like, famine and wars and things like that. We have Neo Matthusians, who think, Now, this is right, but it's not in, like, the big picture. They look at a specific place, they might say, Look, in that particular place, there's issues with too many people, not enough food. They've reached their carrying toxic. They also look at resources other than food, like things like fresh water, access to water, access to natural resources, and those ends might be too many people to... And then our cardocopians is not on here. Those are our anti Malthists, people like Esther Bozero, right, who have a completely different approach, and they think growing populations are an increase of populations, and sparkling, ingenuity, creativity, in order of us to sustain that. Uh... Know about our pronatalist, an anti natalist, uh, policies, right, pro analysts, or things that a government can do, uh, to encourage people to have more kids. So things like, Hey, free childcare. One of the reasons why people choose, like, Hey, we're kind of tapped out. can't have any more kids. childcears' expensive. Or, you know, free maternity leave, or pay maternity leave, I should say. Those type of things can encourage people to have more kids or tax breaks. We have bigger families, that can encourage people to have more kids. Anti nails would be trying to do the opposite, right? Have less, it's kind of the best example, and then your textbook gives a few. Best example would be China's one child policy, where you can only have one child up. Those are our pronatles and our anti needles policies. Just to know a few things about migration, against seasonal movement, is movement amongst the season. Transhumans ties into that, right? Seasonal migration among ranchers, cyclical movement, that's, like, commuting for work, uh, and things like that. In a group, in E, migrants who go out, in a group of an eye migrants who come in. Never voluntary migration, economic is always voluntary, even if it's, like, really dire and still voluntary. There's no such thing as an economic refugee, right? Also, economic is the main reason why people move. So if you get a random question on tests, like, hey, why did these people move from A to B? You might not know why, but you're gonna go up to the most obvious answer, which is gonna be economic, right? Push factors, those are the factors that cause you to leave an area, pull factors are the ones that cause you to go to a certain area. Distance a K does tie into migration, right? Because if you live in Mexico, then you need to get to an MDC, you're not gonna migrate to the United Kingdom. You're not gonna migrate to France. You're gonna migrate to the United States, 'cause it is the closest MDC that meets your, um... Push back, just pull back to... Yeah, so it's an economics debate. What about those other pull backers? Right today, we talked about how political opportunities, like Democratic governments, and be poll factors, where, like, military regimes can be push factors. So make sure you know a few others besides the, um, you know, economic, one even goes to the biggest one. Ravenstein, remember Ravenstein has the rules? He has the laws, Zelinsky's, is the bond. Refugees are unique cases, so when you talk about them because it's significant, but it's a very minute reason for why people migrate when you look at the number of, like, international migrants, the vast majority are migrating voluntarily for economic opportunity. However, there are a few who are refugees. Remember kind of starts as being an internally displaced person. You're trying to get out of a country, but you haven't yet. Once you're able to do that, you're now in a silence seeker, and then once a country grants you kind of asylum status, you then become a refugee. Mona Lisa, example, goes from refugees of military. That's the main reason why. There's others, right, in environmental disasters, social persecution, can be another one, never economic, right? No such thing as economic refugee. But we have a military convent being the typical one. So, usually, the places where we see the most conflict are going to be in SubSaran Africa and Southwest Asia. So that's usually where we see most refugees coming from it. Which one is more or less just kind of depends on what's going on in the world than any given moment. Guest workers talk about them, migrate volunteer, or migrate for a period of time to do a particular task. It's temporary. I've been mistreated because they don't have legal status in that country. then it goes for a cruise, culture, et cetera. Check the K that, make sure we went over everything here, dependency ratios, everything. Oh, don't think about the epidemiological transition model, right? The demographic transition model talks about our births and deaths and where they are relative to each other and how that impacts our natural increase rate. The epidenological transition is talking about why the crew death rate is what it is. Why are people dying to explain why that creates that break? Stage one, a lot of, like, pestilence, and famine, and that type of thing. Stage two is when that starts to deteriorate, like, people start to live longer, and they start, um, then dying, overall, from that stage three. Stage four, instead of dying of, like, old age, like, maybe a heart attack, or a tumor that gets diagnosed, and it can be treated, so that then extends your out of your life, and then stage 5 would be the reemergence of diseases and those type of things, but globalization, it increased connections. Oh, no more brain gain of rain and rain, right? Rain, rain is when people move, like, they might perceive years of schooling in Colombia, and then they move the United States. So they're taking all of that education that they received, and they could really help Colombia, but then they leave, and they go to the United States, and open up, you know, some type of medical practice in the United States. That would be brain gain for the United States for a drain for Colombia. Step migration, another one that's important, no? That's where you typically migrant and strep. So if I'm going from Brazil and I want to get to the United States, I might go from like Brazil to Colombia, to Panama, to Mexico, to the United States. I think we're good with chain migration. Medicities and mega cities, remember, mega cities or cities of more than 10 million people, med cities with a teeth, they have more than 20 million. Heck, you mean, we talked about that? Oh, Androscentrism? Remember, that's a marked preference for males over females, and that can lead to female infant side, right? We talked a little bit about that with our practice questions yesterday. Talk about 0 population growth? Oh, no, the rule is 70 as it relates to doubling time, right? Doubling time is how long it takes or it's going to take your population to double. The way that's calculated is you take 70, and then you divide it by the natural increase. So whatever the natural increase rate is, you divide it by 70, and that's how long it'll take you to double. So, for example, the one your textbook gives is Nigeria's Natural Introduce rate is 2.4, 70÷2.4 is roughly 29. It's gonna take them 29 years to double if they keep that same natural producer. So that's how the rule 70 applies. So that might be a little bit of math you might have to ask you a question. Yeah, otherwise, if these were... If you guys, and just know the relationship to female powered it, the population, right? And the way that we get populations to slow down, population can slow down, is empowering women's right, women's access to education. When we got to the workforce, that specifically leads to women getting married later in life, women's access to, like, daily planning, and those type of decision making. I get enough means for women, like, getting married later, having kids later, having fewer kids, and that's what really impacts, uh, coverage. All right. I think that's everything.

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Components, to it, to tend to be one of the ones that not only, we struggle with, but just kind of naturally tends to be the lower average of questions on the AP exam. Kind of a big component of it is the idea of colonization and imperialism. Imperialism leads to colonization, so it's the idea of, like, wanting to kind of acquire resources and exploit a kind of less powerful country. So wealthy nations, then set out to colonize foreign nations, to gain control of both the natural resources, but also the market. It's also why we see a lot of the cities in LBC's. They're very unevenly built, those ones that are along the coast are boarded off, because ports were built, infrastructure was built there because a lot of these colonies were important export oriented, right? The countries that created the colonies wanted to take out raw materials, import painted products, back, and so the coast gets a lot of that kind of buildup. Talks about some of the reasons for imperialism. Just so that, you know, colonization and realism has ended, but we do have this kind of new wave, this, like, neo, materialism, or neo colonization, uh, that exists today, where these, uh, lesser powerful or less walking countries are not directly controlled by the wealthier country. anymore. However, they're still really dependent on those countries that are indirectly controlled. They still rely on them for a lot specifically economically. So even though they're independent countries, they're very dependent economically on those former colonizes. Oh No more different economic activities. Bill, we're pretty good here. My primary is primarily agriculture, but anything coming out of Earth's surface. Secondary is manufacturing and also construction. So if you take those raw materials and you turn them into something, you manufacture them into something, tertiary sector is going to be services, and then kind of an expansion of that service sector would be the quaternary. We kind of talked about it being anything with, like, the collection or processing of, like, data or information, as well as, uh, capital, and then the quinery sector. This is going to be like the highest levels of management. So we're gonna say, like, CEOs and CFOs or superintendents and people, like that. Also, be able to recognize, like, based on what activity we see, what, like, how developed is that country. So we see a lot of primary activity. This is gonna be a less developed country, probably a periphery country. If we see more secondary activity, there's probably more of a semi periphery, uh, country, uh, tertiary, something we're gonna see both in the semi periphery, as well as in the core, and then those quaternary quatere jobs are requiring kind of high levels of education. Those are gonna be more exclusively and c Remember, location, as it pertains to the location of factories, right? When we look at the cost of transportation, as well as the availability of labor, the benefits of conglomeration, right? We kind of look at it in terms of this triangle. If it's something that is going to be both gaining, right? Get heavier, like a car, fabricated metals, it's generally, or, you know, beverages, same thing with perishable products. They're gonna be near their markets, right? Because you want the raw materials when they're light and easy to transport to travel over a distance, that's cheaper. Then you put together the washing machine, and then you transport the whole washing machine a shorter distance. That saves you money. And then the opposite is rootful, reducing, right? If it's something that gets lighter as you refine it, typically things that come out of the ground, like agriculture, different types of metals and minerals. You get rid of all the excess, the, like, ore that you don't need, all you need is the pure mineral, and then you transport it a creative distance, right? A big component of Weber's is that idea of agglomeration, right? So if this is the best place for my car factory, it's the best place for all car factories, right? There's the workforce that I needed. There was a workforce that other car factories need, right? So it all makes sense for all these car factors to kind of cluster in a similar area. And then they actually benefit from that, because what ends up happening is single market manufacturers. Like I make car tires. They start to cluster in that area, or car windshield wipers, they cluster in that area. And then they flow, like, ideas and technology, like, oh, we come up an innovative idea over here at Ford. Well, that person gets a promotion, but over in Toyota, and they bring that innovative idea in order to Toyota, right? The fact that you are all kind of close and approximately beneficial to each other, right? Talk about certain industries, it just benefit from aglomerations, right? Hospitals and pharmacies, they benefit from being close by to each other. Planned economies, and the market economy. Transportation costs, right? There's different forms of transport in your products, whether it be the finished product or the input. The best way to kind of do it is via the ship, right, shipping it, because it is the cheapest cost. The train is the best way to do it over land. Obviously, you can't ship something over land. So we do it by train, and then by truck, the one that is reserved for, you know, quick delivery would be a plane, but it's also the most expensive. This is part of the reason why, if you are a landlocked nation, it becomes really difficult, because the most kind of bulkiest and important items that we want to ship, they can't get to you. It so you have to create those agreements with other nations. EPZs, and special processing zones, you could look at things like the machiodores and Northern Mexico's being an example of this. We talk about the Guangdong Province as a special economic zone in China, which is where Nike has a lot of its manufacturing done. Typically, what happens in these SUVs is they create conditions that would lure a firm to put a factory in that area. Maybe it's, you know, no tariffs, or no taxes, like, between the market doors. If you cross it into North America without paying taxes or paying terrorists, Maybe it's the right type of flavor, or maybe it's, like, other types of tax breaks or tax incentives that allow these, again, we talk about the Machiadores or the SEZs, in China, to kind of locate, and then you get these kind of, again, kind of these specific processing zones where a lot of these areas cluster. Nowhere newly industrialized country, whether it's our 4 Asian tigers, or our Briggs countries, Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa, right? They're kind of emerging industrial regions. It's a part of the semi periphery, to where a lot of outsourcing goes, particularly for those kind of labor intensive industries. I know that it connects to international trade. That's how they are developing through international trade. The initial revolution was in all this began to begin in Britain in 1750 and really ramped up in the 1800s. Right? No, the diffusion of it to a degree, right, Sergeant Britain, then it went from Britain to kind of Western Europe and the United States, then from Western Europe, kind of in the Eastern Europe, and then the first kind of Eastern country to industrialized would be Japan. Didn't know what happens with de industrialization, right? You had to work your way through rostos, right? Eventually you're going to get to that stage of like mass consumption. where we're starting to see more services in less industry. So if we're looking at a stage, it's like, oh, where do we see the most heavy industry, right? That's stage four. But then when you get into stage five, you start to de industrialize. So in the United States, right, we're talking about the Great Lakes region, had a lot of manufacturing also in the northeast. A lot of that, which were referred to as arrest built, has gone away. As jobs have kind of transitioned from that secondary sector into the tertiary, and then quaterary, and quinary sector. So the rust belts are a really good example of the industrialization. A specific industry would be like steel. Now, we don't produce a lot of steel in the United States. We saw scrap metal plants and things like that. In fact, where Camelot is over in, like, on the other side, the freeway is a scrap metal place, right? They have the cluster right in central areas, and they recycle metal. We still have those, but we don't produce a lot of new steel from iron and coal in the United States because it's expensive, right? And so instead, we outsource it and buy it from places like China. So steel's a good example of the industrialization that's a part of the rust belt in that Great Lakes. Transational Corporations, right? It's a good example of globalization of the economy, right? They set up shop in different places. Remember, fair trade is what's kind of trying to allow some of those LDCs, the company's there to compete with these transnational corporations. This is what that foreign direct investment can look like, right? When they build a factory in a new country, like a Nike in China, that's foreign direct investment, right? They're investing in a foreign nation. And again, they do that because they're transnational corporations. That means multiple countries. Make sure we know Rosso's, it's a big one, right? Nobody's really at stage one anymore in terms of a traditional society. what a lot of money is made, uh, spent of what Roscoe calls like inefficient or wasted activities, um, like religion or military. Let's say those things aren't important, but it doesn't return more money, right? It's not an investment, it's an expenditure. When you get to preconditions for takeoff, that's like Mongolia, right? They have something where there are minerals that could take off. Right? So you have that thing, it just hasn't taken off yet. Stage three, this is when, according to roster development begins, right? This is the beginning, this is all dealing with international trade. You have something that takes off, right? And in case of, like, the Four Tigers, it was manufacturing, right? That was the thing that took off. labor intensive manufacturing. And then we get to that drive to maturity stage, this is where we start to see a lot of heavy manufacturing, but we produce heavy industry, because that takeoff industry has taken off, and now it's pulling behind those other industries behind it. And they're benefiting from a lot of the new technologies and innovations. That first were really only applied to the takeoff industry. And then we see de industrialization, right? Mass consumption, we start to see the transition to maybe skilled manufacturing, more tertiary sector, sector jobs. Wallerstein's, they were pretty good here. Something we talked a lot about. Just know what the exploitation specifically looks like. So, if you're gonna say the core exploits a semi perkery, the periphery, what does that exploitation look like? They exploit the semi periphery for cheap labor, right? There's a specific thing. That's what it specifically looks like. They exploit the periphery for cheap raw materials. Right? And you could have some specific examples of that, right? Like a transnational corporation, like Nike, opening a plan in China to pay the workers $one an hour, right? Have, like, a specific example, but that's what it actually, again, a night of what it looks like. Human development index, this is how we measure economic development, right? We look at those kind of three big categories of, like, long and healthy life. So things like life expectancy, access to knowledge, goes would be some of the things we're looking at. It's used by the United Nations. Our countries have a core countries, they're going to be developed, and then semi periphery are probably going to be those high developing to like medium developing and then periphery are going to be the low developing countries. So remember, Latin America, you know, it's not developed pretty high developing region as a whole. But we look at a lot of these different things that we talked about, like GDP and GDP per capita, access to education, though those type of things. And then this is urbanization, and is there anything else? To quickly... twush on... Uh... I want to put generate equality, and I try to talk about that. And our review, the base industry, right? Remember we have our base industry or our basic industry and then our non-basic industries? The base industry is what is like the big industry that you sell in areas outside yourself. It's like the Silicon Valley, their base industry is 10, right? That's everywhere. Pittsburgh, when they were developing steel, steel was a base industry, right? They sold it they sold it everywhere. Your non basic issues are the people, or the services that are just available for people in your cell, like in your restaurant. Right? So, basic industries are the big ones. Break a bull point, know that for these different transportation. Um, uh, kind of sectors come to meet, um, neoliberal model for, uh, development is international trade. This is kind of focusing on international trade, and that's led to the new international division of labor. where different things take place in different parts of the world, right? You create an iPad all over the world. This place doesn't the chip fabrication. So it's a skilled labor. This place snaps the pieces together, so it's less skilled labor. things are all kind of done throughout the world. No uneven development. I think we're good there, and dependency theory, but I think it ties into neocolonialism. The idea that these perkery countries are dependent on their former colonizers. Outsourcing, right, and offshoring, offshoring is when you move your factory to another country, outsourcing is when you buy it from another company, right? So just kind of know the nuance is there. No, the difference between fortism and post fortism, right? Fordism was the Henry Ford model, like, the assembly line. Like you built everything. Now, with post fortism, it's more about, like, outsourcing, offshore, doing things, the cheaper way. Just in time, delivery. We talked about that with car parts. That's why the agglomeration is beneficial. The car factories, they don't have big warehouses where they store a whole bunch of windshield wipers. They buy them from the windshield wiper company as they need them, right? And then they travel down to shore. I weigh and drop them off. Right? They order them just in time. That idea, just in time, delivery. No different types of pollution, egotourism. No, the world bank is in the IMF, right? part of that form, directive estimates, and... There's a lot here. It's up here. We'll do our practice.

4

The practice, test tomorrow. There were some good agriculture questions on the practice test that we took today. They were kind of challenging, and also had a link to different units, which is a good, I think about it from, like, a college board sandwich. It's a pretty good question. Make sure you don't want bunids, model, right? It is a model, so it assumes some of those, like, things that models assume, like, it's a uniform landscape, right? We don't have mountains and rivers that might throw things off. Does it necessarily count for changes in transportation, things like the pool chain? Or this happened in, like, the 1800s. So his model still fits, but there's also some elements where we see some things that don't make sense anymore. So just be able to understand that and account for that, uh, for example, he had forestry in that, like, second ring of the Monduda, but we wouldn't see that anymore, because we have trucks and trains that didn't exist when he made this model, so now we would see that further in the outermost ring, right? So it just kind of see some of those changes. Also, daring and intensive farming, that's still gonna be your major markets, but it can be further away now, right, to how the milk shed has expanded, because of the cool chain, right? We have refrigerated trucks. Refrigerated trains, so that we can transport milk further so it can still get the market and be sold before it's spoiled. Just be able to know what the model is, but also, then the key is kind of some of those variations between what he saw in the 1800s, what we see now. The big two things that on food is, are ties really closely into bid red, right? is the cost of land, immersed the cost of transportation. Things that are gonna, you know, be highly perishable, intensive agriculture, market guarding, corticulture, right, fresh fruits, and flowers, and those types of things, daring. They're gonna be closer to the market, which means it's gonna be more intensive agriculture. You're not gonna be more spread out, wasting land, 'cause the land is super expensive. Right? So we'll see smaller farms. And then if you get further away, we're gonna see more extensive agriculture, like livestock ranching is very extensive, because the farmland is now cheaper, because we're further from the market. However, you're now paying more in transportation, because you're further away from the market area. Right. I'm definitely right to know our agriculture hurts. We got a question on it. That was a pretty generic one on that practice testicle. You were creative. I think it has to, like, what is an agricultural earth or something like that? But nowhere agricultural hurts, and I think it's a good idea just to know, like, a staple crop from each one, for example, and, like, beats in Southwest Asia, and that Mesopotamian Earth is a good one. Beans and cotton in the Mesoamerican one is a good one. Just crops that are really important now with their cash crops or staple food crops. Know what some of those are, right? So it kind of talks about some of them here, but, um, you know, there was another good question on our agricultural revolutions, right? There are three, and we really want to know the significance of each one and what it kind of correlates to. The neolithic revolution is the first one, right? That's when we stop being hunter gatherers, and that's when we have agricultural earths. right? That's when those earth developed when we first started planting some of those crops, you know, eight to 14,000 years ago. They all developed those sorts independently of each one another. One of them was the fertile Crescent. The question we got on our test, which I think is a good question, right? was, Hey, what does the second agricultural revolution correspond with? And the answer choices, I'm paraphrasing here, people moving to the cities to work in factories. Right? Because the second agricultural revolution, what does it coincide with? The industrial revolution, where we need less agriculturalists now. We can create a surplus for the first time, where we can have a few people working in agriculture, improves, you know, food for a whole lot of people. That means now people who once worked in agriculture moved to the cities, urbanization, right? And they work in factories, and that's when countries that are now in stage four, the demographic transition, that's when they entered stage two, because of this improvement in agriculture, right? The same reason why we see with the Green Revolution, which is our third agricultural revolution, why we see more population of countries that are currently at stage two, they entered with the Green Revolution. And that's where we see the biotechnical and the kind of genetic modification of crops. We see hybrid seeds and miracle seeds. Remember, we went first. That was the first miracle scene, and then rice went next. Corn is an important crop, but we don't eat a whole lot of it, not nearly as much as we do in terms of rice or wheat, animals and livestock eat corn. So just remember that. The wheat went first, right, which went 2nd for those genetically modified seats, right? We also see that we can have double cropping and triple cropping because of improvements in irrigation, and these seeds are kind of faster from planting to cultivating. Uh, kind of, yeah, talked about that. Um... I don't know if there's a lot of 100 gallons of U.S. don't need to know that much... gatherers. No environmental turbanism and possibleism as it relates to agriculture, right? There's a big element of like what grows well where, right? But there's also now, because of possibleism, we've taken areas that were once, like, semi arid. Ooh, this area probably needs to be for livestock. We can't grow, like, wheat or rice here, because it's too dry. But now we have irrigation, and so now that area, we can turn into, like, cultivation for crops. So we're able to take water from where it is to where we need it, and that can really tie into possibleism. Also the idea of growing populations, right? How are we gonna feed if we have more people? What's the idea that more people means more of ingenuity, improvements in technology? We're gonna figure out a way to feed all of these people. Again, that is possibleism. Agribusiness, or a few questions on agribusiness and commercial agriculture, so I think that's something that I would definitely know. Remember, commercial agriculture is the way that you're growing the crop. The entire industry have taken the crop and then selling it, that is agra business, right? So agrobusiness and crew includes, like, transportation, packaging, processing, sales. Typically, we see more of vertical integration and agriculture, where we wouldn't see it in, say, industry. Also, kind of like that commodity chain that I talked about from, like, the process, where we go from, like, planting the crop, which is the farmer, then the, like, packaging, then transporting, then to the grocery store, and then people to grocery store, pay money, and then that money goes back in the other direction, the grocery store, right, pays, the wholesaler, wholesaler plays, the transport of the transport, pays the farmer, and that money kind of works its way. up through that kind of commodity chain of agriculture. Yeah, again, know the different types of farming, the ones that fall into that commercial agriculture, like mixed crop and livestock, ranching, dairying, large scale grape production, plantation farming, what makes plantation unique is, A, it's cash crops. people, or food people need, or, like, sustenance, and things like chocolates, and sugar, and coffee, that type of thing, cotton things you can't eat to eat. But no, the different types of agriculture. And again, nowhere we kind of see them, by where we're most likely gonna see them, because we could get a question where it's like, Hey, where are we gonna see the most big scrop and livestock? Or what type of ag culture are we gonna see in this area, right? So just kind of know, like, what's characteristic of where we would expect to see them, so we give ourselves, like, the best chance of getting a question like that. Right? Also know our forms of subsistence and where we typically see it, shifting cultivation, right? That's gonna be in the tropics. see that in the same place we see plantation agriculture, right? Intensive subsistence. That's gonna be in areas that are, like, river valleys or deltas, 'cause you need a lot of water to be water intensive. See, a lot in India, South, Southeast Asia, and East Asia. So just kind of know where we see those different pastoral nomads, right? It's in North Africa and Southwest Asia areas that are too dry for, like, intensive subsistence. No, and again, there was a good question on this, on the test about, like, the negatives, and I forget how it was kind of worded, but, like, the negatives of GMOs. I think, actually, what I was looking at, you guys did pretty well on it. But again, that there's like, you know, the concern of like GMOs in terms of like if people will embrace it or not, and that makes it like, is it sustainable or not? Right? If we talk about there's 3 pillars of sustainability, the economic pillar, the environmental pillar, but also the cultural pillar. People leave to embrace it, and GMOs are some places that just have it embraced it, right? They see it as being problematic. They don't want it in their foods, like Europe. United States is heavily embraced, and so is Canada. Europe, not so much, right? And so is it sustainable if not everybody's on board with it, right? So that's a good question, as it relates to GMOs, but just know the positives, we can make it stronger, we can make it more resistance to pests, more nutritious. We can even make it taste better. Again, some of the negatives. People feel like it creates a dependence on, like, you know, MDCs. There's also a concern with it in terms of, like, health, and antibiotics, and those type of concerns. All right. That's it for an agriculture, anything here. We're gonna go over subsistence, submission. Your textbook puts a lot of emphasis on, like, the climactic zones and, like, what throws, like, the different, like, climate regions. I think it's gonna be a huge factor of the test, but maybe just know, like, the regions and, like, what's characteristic of them. But again, I wouldn't go into too much, like, over scrutinizing those, but just know what there are climate regions, climate jealous, right, and what kind of gets grown well and aware. I'll be able to connect, um, and we talked about it a little bit more with cities, so I'll cover it a little bit more then, but also, like, our dispersed rural Sullivans versus our clustard rural settlement. So when we look at agriculture, what are those real settlements look like? Why they look like the way that they do? We have, like, linear systems, right, long, long lods, more dispersed is what we typically see as better for commercial agriculture. No, the environmental impacts of agriculture, so like pollution, agricultural runoff, nutrient pollution, right? We create dead zones, we can create deforestation, we could need to create more agricultural land, death certification, where things can, like, form so much, it dries out. like in the Se hell region subSaharan Africa, which is that region between like the Savannah and the Sahara Desert. That's, like, a more releasing example of desert vacation. So some of the problems there. Be able to kind of women in terms of their role in agriculture, a lot of women are involved in agriculture, globally, particularly in the informal economy as it predicts agriculture. A lot of women work in agriculture and sub-Saran Africa. But they're not being paid for it, right? Because it's primarily subsistence agriculture. Fruit deserts and food insecurity, definitely things we want to know, right? Food deserts is if I live in an area, and I have a hard time accessing food. Usually, it's an inner city area that doesn't have good public transportation, and areas that might be of mobbers, and so people can't afford cars. There's bad public transportation, so they can't get to a grocery store, but we refer to as, like, a high end grocery store that has, like, fresh fruits, fresh vegetables, fresh produce. Instead, it's like a 7 Eleven, or that type of market where they're getting a lot of processed foods that might not have fresh foods, fresh vegetables, like fresh meat, and things like that. So that would be considered a food desert. And then also food insecurity, right? Food security is, I forget what the it was like. 2100 caliber, was it, 1,700 calories, whatever the UN says, is like the minimum needed to, like, sustain an active and healthy life. If you're not able to consume those many calories each day, then you're living in a state of food. You don't have to say, right, you have food insecurity, right? So you need to access enough healthy, healthy calories to, um, produce, uh, energy. And then Kashkov can go there, cereal grains, some grass, we eat feedlots, right, ties into livestock ranching. That last place they go where they stop having them heard because if you heard, you're walking into a direction burning calories. So they take these feed lodge, where they're kind of on these small areas, and they get bigger before they, like, kind of, ning them up before slaughter for meat. Know the different township and range and mutes and bounds and things. Probably exchange, right? That was a good question on the Colombian occasion. I don't know if it was a question or it was the answer on one of our questions today. Problems with brutalizer, right? Because we put chemicals into it now, which really helps grow the crops, but that can create problems with, you know, agricultural runoffs and things like that. Hinterland, just a market area. Biofuels using agricultural products like corn to try to create energy, right? It's like a type of renewable energy. Aquaculture, right, livestock ranching, but of the fish, and that's pretty much it. So, um, where high yields is in pesticides, like, segment or? Third, yeah. Once we start, like, genetically modifying things, we start to add, like, chemicals and stuff like that, that's the third. The 2nd one is more like the mechanization of farming and new farming methods. So, like, oh, crop rotation, we figure that out in the 2nd agricultural revolution, but we're not like messing with the DNA for the genetic makeup of seeds. Or like, hey, now we don't need people or horses to plow. You can put an engine, and you create a tractor. right? Because we developed that technology with the industrial revolution. But like the 3rd, the green revolution, think of like anything that's like genetically modified, biotechnology, GMOs, that's what's like common of the fertilizers, pesticides, those are things that are common. All right. Practice test tomorrow.

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Right, just to where our urban areas are, why they're there, right? The urban areas. It's the same place as the agricultural bird. Right, right. First, you have agriculture, and then you can have these earth areas. Part of the reason we have the growth of cities is because we're able to create this agricultural surplus that led to the different urban revolutions where we needed less and less people working in agriculture. So more and more people move to the cities. Know where these major agriculture urban herds are again, the same places we have are, agricultural herds, like Mesopotamia.. Doesn't know what we really want. All right, um... Just gotta know, like, the stratification for cities, uh, what we refer to as the, uh, kind of urban hierarchy, right? Um, where we have, um, you know, hamlets, they're gonna be very small, village, is a little bit bigger than a hamlet, then you go town, then you go city, then you have metropolis, which are these really big cities with very large metropolitan statistical areas. And then you have the Menopolis, right? Like the Boschwash corridor, where you have those metropolitans, physical areas that like overlap, and it creates almost like one major city. Central place theory, right? We use the hexagons because it's better than a square or a circle. Circles have gaps and overlaps, squares a distance between the corners and sides is too small. So we use the hexagons. It measures two things for us, right? One, it can be a service, right? The distance that somebody's willing to travel, that range, to use a service, that creates your market area, or your hinterland, and within that market area, or your hinterland. You need to have so many potential customers, right? That's your threshold. But it also can evaluate the functionality of a city, right? People are willing to travel to a city where the services operate in a city, and if you're outside of that city's market area, you're likely to go to a different city. So yeah, central place there. I know the terms, right? It's pretty straightforward. know that different services are gonna have different ranges. You're gonna travel like this far for a McDonald's. They'll travel like this far for like a nice restaurant, this far for like a sporting event or a nice like stadium or concert or something like that. You'll travel this far for like a metal medical specialist. Different services are going to have different ranges that create that hinterland that create that market area. No more different models, concentric zone. That's the one that's a tree, ring, right? The oldest are on the outer ring with the kind of suburb ring, that kind of high cost residential on the outer ring, and then zone in transition, kind of right there near the CBD center model. throws away, like sectors or wedges away from the CBD, almost kind of like pizzas, and then multiple nuclear, like, well, well. Multiple. So sensitive. Multiple nuclei is the idea that a city has multiple nodes that are gonna track different services or different people. Also, I know that we have our urban's realm model, that sometimes referred to as the galactic city model or the peripheral model, 3 names for the same thing. But again, that's where we have the beltway or the ring road around the city, and then we have edge cities along that beltway. Basically, it's accounting for suburbanization, that there is less kind of functional need for this CVD. doesn't mean the CBD isn't very, very important. It's still really important. It's unknown, but it's less important because of suburbanization. And so these edge cities are forming around the beltway for the turban. Or it gets a galactic sleep. White flight, right, that's a part of blockbusting and red lining and filtering, it all kind of ties into together, red linings there where you're not going to loan any money to a particular area, oftentimes those are ethnic neighborhoods. Blockbusting leads to white flight, blockbusters, when a realtor comes in and says, hey, this neighborhood, a certain minority group is moving in and they're going to move into this neighborhood now. So you need to move out before their cost of your home, drop, so they sell their home to that realtor, that developer, that developer then filters it, right? So instead of it being, like, a single family occupant. Obviously they'll subdivide it or filter it. So now there's, like, four families moving in. Then you have this group move in as the whites migrate group go into a different area of the suburbs, right? That's white fight. And then with filtering, the quality, the home tents to deteriorate, deteriorate, deteriorate, and it can lead to vacant housing. Gentrification, a central city, concept, right? It's usually people who are middle, young, young adults who are kind of middle class, up for middle class. They don't have kids, so they're not worried about schools and things like that, but they would move out into the cities, right? They would move into the areas where there's nightclubs, and bars, and fancy restaurants, and they go there, and they spend their money, they gentrify the area, things get kind of rejuvenated, money gets put in the area. Unfortunately, that leads to, oftentimes, a cost of living increase in that area. So people who once lived in these communities or in these buildings, the rink goes up, they have to move out, the same as true, about residential, they're not retail identification. So, like the, you know, the restaurants that were, like, mom and pop stores, they have to move out as franchises that can afford this increase in rent. And so there's pros and cons and gentrification, just know both. Edge cities, right? We did a pretty good description of what edge city is. Um, just build that again. They're all, edge cities are out of the suburb. It is part of the galactic city model, connects to suburbanization. Suburbanization. This is a North American concept, right? They don't have suburbanization in Europe. They want to be close to the CBD. So it's actually the lower income minority families that are on high rises in the suburbs in Europe as the wealth you want to be near the CBD in North America. It's the exact opposite, right? Well, if you move out for the expensive single family homes in the suburbs, where lower income or clustered in, you know, high rise apartments and things like that in the central cities or in the zone in transition. cultural ecology. Anything else? Oh, no, that makes you know the Latin American. city model. That's the one that's reflective of the spine, right? If we have a spine of the seabreading away from the CBD, that should be that cool. That's a Latin American model for the Griffin Ford model. If we have 3 CBDs, that's the sub-Saharan African model, right? You have the kind of traditional, the colonial and the kind of the open market area. So if you have 3 CVDs, then that sub-Saharan Africa. And then if you have a port city as the CBD, then that's Southeast Asia. So just kind of have the one thing you can kind of, that's like the giveaway where we know, okay, that is that particular model. Make sure you don't primate city versus ring size, right? The United States roughly falls, ring size. New York has, with you conclude, it's a metropolitan statistical area about 2000000 people, Los Angeles, it has about 10000000 people, then you have Chicago after that. It's like 8 million, 7 or 8000000 people. Then after that, it's Houston, about 5000000 people. It follows that like real even like one half, one third, one 4th of the largest city. Primacy would be something like Paris or Tokyo, right? A very large city that has more than half of the population and it's also more than twice as significant from like an economic political, um, cultural uh, infrastructural standpoint. No metropolitan school areas, right? They are measuring the functionality of the city, so not only is it the city, but it's county, and then any county surrounding it, that use that city for a lot. A lot of times it's measured based on, like, people commuting for work, that informs the metropolitan statistical area. The metropolitan area just matters again, how functional is that city? Not its kind of size in terms of population, but its size in terms of functionality. No uneven development, as it applies to cities, right? Like, China's a good example. This is a lot of the kind of coastal cities in China that are really involved in, you know, importing and exporting, they have, you know, they're really developed, major significant cities, and then we have rural areas away from cities where we have less development. Squatter settlements, right? Would be something we'd want to know for this, why they form people migrating the cities, particularly in LDCs, at a rate that is too quick for the city to actually grow. right? So we end up getting these very crude, kind of self-built homes on the periphery. That's another reason why, if we compare LDCs to MDCs, typically in North America, where do we see the poorest individuals? North America, they're out in the suburbs, right? That's where we see the wealthiest individuals, and not in America, and these squatter cells, there, then the porous is out in the suburbs. So it's in a different area. or in the same area of different people.

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