Organic Chemistry Overview

Emergency Medical Response

Initial Response (4:35 A.M.)

  • Rescue crew responds to a house fire call.

  • Firefighter/EMT Jack assesses the scene.

    • Finds Diane lying in the front yard.

    • Reports:

    • Injuries: Second- and third-degree burns covering 40% of her body, broken leg.

    • Places an oxygen re-breather mask on Diane for high oxygen concentration.

    • Crew transports Diane to a burn center.

Treatment at the Scene

  • Another firefighter/EMT, Nancy, begins treating Diane's burns.

    • Uses sterile water and cling film for dressing.

    • Cling film (made of polyvinyl chloride) is chosen for its non-stick properties and protection.

Arson Investigation

  • Investigators at the fire scene deploy trained dogs to search for accelerants.

    • Common accelerant: Gasoline (composed of organic molecules called alkanes).

  • Gasoline characteristics:

    • Mixture of alkanes with 5 to 8 carbon atoms.

    • Alkanes are combustible, reacting with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide, water, and heat.

    • Combustion Reaction: Alkanes can start arson fires.

Emergency Medical Technical Details

Career Overview: Firefighters/EMTs

  • First responders for fires, accidents, emergencies.

  • Require emergency medical technician (EMT) certification.

  • Skills include firefighting and emergency medical treatment, improving survival rates of the injured.

  • Responsibilities include:

    • Fighting, extinguishing, and preventing fires.

    • Training for firefighting drills, maintaining equipment.

    • Knowledge of fire codes, arson, and hazardous materials handling.

    • Understanding emergency medical procedures and infectious disease control methods.

Organic Chemistry Section

Introduction to Organic Chemistry

  • Alkanes: A primary form of organic compounds.

    • Consist of carbon and hydrogen, can contain other nonmetals.

    • Found in everyday products: gasoline, medicines, plastics.

Properties of Compounds

Comparison of Organic vs. Inorganic Compounds

  • Organic Compounds

    • Composition: Carbon (C) and Hydrogen (H); may include O, N, S, P, Cl.

    • Particle Type: Molecules (e.g., C₃H₈, propane).

    • Bonding: Mostly covalent bonds.

    • Polarity: Nonpolar unless strongly electronegative atoms present.

    • Melting/Boiling Points: Generally low.

    • Flammability: High and burn in air.

    • Solubility: Not soluble in water unless polar groups present.

  • Inorganic Compounds

    • Composition: May include metals and nonmetals (e.g., NaCl).

    • Particle Type: Mostly ions (e.g., Na⁺, Cl⁻).

    • Bonding: Many ionic, some covalent.

    • Polarity: Nonpolar, ionic or polar covalent, few nonpolar covalent.

    • Melting/Boiling Points: Usually high.

    • Flammability: Low or do not burn.

    • Solubility: Mostly soluble, unless nonpolar.

Learning Goals in Organic Chemistry

  • Identify properties of compounds.

  • Write IUPAC names; draw condensed structural and line-angle formulas for alkanes.

Alkanes and Their Characteristics

Hydrocarbon Definitions

  • Hydrocarbons: Organic compounds consisting solely of carbon and hydrogen.

Structure of Alkanes

  • Alkanes only have single bonds (C−C).

  • The simplest alkane is methane (CH₄).

  • Saturated hydrocarbons contain only single bonds.

Alkanes Naming Structure

  • Alkanes with 5+ carbon atoms use prefixes for naming: pent (5), hex (6), hept (7), oct (8), non (9), dec (10).

IUPAC Naming Scheme for Alkanes

Number of Carbon Atoms

IUPAC Name

Molecular Formula

Condensed Structural Formula

1

Methane

CH₄

CH₄

2

Ethane

C₂H₆

CH₃−CH₃

3

Propane

C₃H₈

CH₃−CH₂−CH₃

4

Butane

C₄H₁₀

CH₃−CH₂−CH₂−CH₃

5

Pentane

C₅H₁₂

CH₃−CH₂−CH₂−CH₂−CH₃

6

Hexane

C₆H₁₄

CH₃−CH₂−CH₂−CH₂−CH₂−CH₃

7

Heptane

C₇H₁₆

CH₃−CH₂−CH₂−CH₂−CH₂−CH₂−CH₃

8

Octane

C₈H₁₈

CH₃−CH₂−CH₂−CH₂−CH₂−CH₂−CH₂−CH₃

9

Nonane

C₉H₂₀

CH₃−CH₂−CH₂−CH₂−CH₂−CH₂−CH₂−CH₂−CH₃

10

Decane

C₁₀H₂₂

CH₃−CH₂−CH₂−CH₂−CH₂−CH₂−CH₂−CH₂−CH₂−CH₃

Drawing Structural Formulas

  • Expanded Structural Formula: Represents every atom and bond explicitly.

  • Condensed Structural Formula: Depicts groups of atoms by showing attached hydrogen atoms.

  • Line-Angle Formula: Uses zigzag lines to represent carbon skeleton; ends/corners signify carbon atoms.

Structural Isomers

Definition

  • Compounds with the same molecular formula but different atomic arrangements are structural isomers.

Case Examples

  • C₄H₁₀ structural isomers: butane and isobutane representations show branching.

Physical Characteristics of Alkanes

  • Alkanes are nonpolar; thus, not soluble in water but soluble in organic solvents.

  • Low boiling points; increase with the number of carbon atoms due to increasing molecular weight.

Applications of Alkanes

  • Alkanes serve primarily as fuels. Different alkanes temperatures give varying applications in heating and energy.

  • Combustion of alkanes generates carbon dioxide and water.

Combustion Reaction Example

  • Propane combustion equation:
    ext{C₃H₈(g) + 5O₂(g) → 3CO₂(g) + 4H₂O(g) + energy}

Conclusion

  • Understanding the properties, structures, and reactions of alkanes is crucial for their safe handling and applications in industries such as fuel, medicine, and materials manufacturing.

  • This chapter lays the groundwork for the foundational knowledge required to tackle more complex organic compounds and reactions in subsequent studies.

Emergency Medical Response
Initial Response (4:35 A.M.)

  • Rescue crew responds to a house fire call.

  • Firefighter/EMT Jack assesses the scene.

    • Finds Diane lying in the front yard.

    • Reports:

    • Injuries: Second- and third-degree burns covering 40% of her body, broken leg.

    • Places an oxygen re-breather mask on Diane for high oxygen concentration.

    • Crew transports Diane to a burn center.

Treatment at the Scene

  • Another firefighter/EMT, Nancy, begins treating Diane's burns.

    • Uses sterile water and cling film for dressing.

    • Cling film (made of polyvinyl chloride) is chosen for its non-stick properties and protection.

Arson Investigation

  • Investigators at the fire scene deploy trained dogs to search for accelerants.

    • Common accelerant: Gasoline (composed of organic molecules called alkanes).

  • Gasoline characteristics:

    • Mixture of alkanes with 5 to 8 carbon atoms.

    • Alkanes are combustible, reacting with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide, water, and heat.

    • Combustion Reaction: Alkanes can start arson fires.

Emergency Medical Technical Details
Career Overview: Firefighters/EMTs

  • First responders for fires, accidents, emergencies.

  • Require emergency medical technician (EMT) certification.

  • Skills include firefighting and emergency medical treatment, improving survival rates of the injured.

  • Responsibilities include:

    • Fighting, extinguishing, and preventing fires.

    • Training for firefighting drills, maintaining equipment.

    • Knowledge of fire codes, arson, and hazardous materials handling.

    • Understanding emergency medical procedures and infectious disease control methods.

Organic Chemistry Section
Introduction to Organic Chemistry

  • Alkanes: A primary form of organic compounds.

    • Consist of carbon and hydrogen, can contain other nonmetals.

    • Found in everyday products: gasoline, medicines, plastics.

Properties of Compounds
Comparison of Organic vs. Inorganic Compounds

  • Organic Compounds

    • Composition: Carbon (C) and Hydrogen (H); may include O, N, S, P, Cl.

    • Particle Type: Molecules (e.g., C₃H₈, propane).

    • Bonding: Mostly covalent bonds.

    • Polarity: Nonpolar unless strongly electronegative atoms present.

    • Melting/Boiling Points: Generally low.

    • Flammability: High and burn in air.

    • Solubility: Not soluble in water unless polar groups present.

  • Inorganic Compounds

    • Composition: May include metals and nonmetals (e.g., NaCl).

    • Particle Type: Mostly ions (e.g., Na⁺, Cl⁻).

    • Bonding: Many ionic, some covalent.

    • Polarity: Nonpolar, ionic or polar covalent, few nonpolar covalent.

    • Melting/Boiling Points: Usually high.

    • Flammability: Low or do not burn.

    • Solubility: Mostly soluble, unless nonpolar.

Learning Goals in Organic Chemistry

  • Identify properties of compounds.

  • Write IUPAC names; draw condensed structural and line-angle formulas for alkanes.

Alkanes and Their Characteristics
Hydrocarbon Definitions

  • Hydrocarbons: Organic compounds consisting solely of carbon and hydrogen.

Structure of Alkanes

  • Alkanes only have single bonds (C−C).

  • The simplest alkane is methane (CH₄).

  • Saturated hydrocarbons contain only single bonds.

Alkanes Naming Structure

  • Alkanes with 5+ carbon atoms use prefixes for naming: pent (5), hex (6), hept (7), oct (8), non (9), dec (10).

Drawing Structural Formulas

  • Expanded Structural Formula: Represents every atom and bond explicitly.

  • Condensed Structural Formula: Depicts groups of atoms by showing attached hydrogen atoms.

  • Line-Angle Formula: Uses zigzag lines to represent carbon skeleton; ends/corners signify carbon atoms.

Structural Isomers

Definition

  • Compounds with the same molecular formula but different atomic arrangements are structural isomers.

Case Examples

  • C₄H₁₀ structural isomers: butane and isobutane representations show branching.

Physical Characteristics of Alkanes

  • Alkanes are nonpolar; thus, not soluble in water but soluble in organic solvents.

  • Low boiling points; increase with the number of carbon atoms due to increasing molecular weight.

Applications of Alkanes

  • Alkanes serve primarily as fuels. Different alkanes temperatures give varying applications in heating and energy.

  • Combustion of alkanes generates carbon dioxide and water.

Combustion Reaction Example

  • Propane combustion equation: \text{C₃H₈(g) + 5O₂(g) → 3CO₂(g) + 4H₂O(g) + energy}

Conclusion

  • Understanding the properties, structures, and reactions of alkanes is crucial for their safe handling and applications in industries such as fuel, medicine, and materials manufacturing.

  • This chapter lays the groundwork for the foundational knowledge required to tackle more complex organic compounds and reactions in subsequent studies.

Emergency Medical Response
Initial Response (4:35 A.M.)

  • Rescue crew responds to a house fire call.

  • Firefighter/EMT Jack assesses the scene.

    • Finds Diane lying in the front yard.

    • Reports:

    • Injuries: Second- and third-degree burns covering 40% of her body, broken leg.

    • Places an oxygen re-breather mask on Diane for high oxygen concentration.

    • Crew transports Diane to a burn center.

Treatment at the Scene

  • Another firefighter/EMT, Nancy, begins treating Diane's burns.

    • Uses sterile water and cling film for dressing.

    • Cling film (made of polyvinyl chloride) is chosen for its non-stick properties and protection.

Arson Investigation

  • Investigators at the fire scene deploy trained dogs to search for accelerants.

    • Common accelerant: Gasoline (composed of organic molecules called alkanes).

  • Gasoline characteristics:

    • Mixture of alkanes with 5 to 8 carbon atoms.

    • Alkanes are combustible, reacting with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide, water, and heat.

    • Combustion Reaction: Alkanes can start arson fires.

Emergency Medical Technical Details
Career Overview: Firefighters/EMTs

  • First responders for fires, accidents, emergencies.

  • Require emergency medical technician (EMT) certification.

  • Skills include firefighting and emergency medical treatment, improving survival rates of the injured.

  • Responsibilities include:

    • Fighting, extinguishing, and preventing fires.

    • Training for firefighting drills, maintaining equipment.

    • Knowledge of fire codes, arson, and hazardous materials handling.

    • Understanding emergency medical procedures and infectious disease control methods.

Organic Chemistry Section
Introduction to Organic Chemistry

  • Alkanes: A primary form of organic compounds.

    • Consist of carbon and hydrogen, can contain other nonmetals.

    • Found in everyday products: gasoline, medicines, plastics.

Properties of Compounds
Comparison of Organic vs. Inorganic Compounds

  • Organic Compounds

    • Composition: Carbon (C) and Hydrogen (H); may include O, N, S, P, Cl.

    • Particle Type: Molecules (e.g., C₃H₈, propane).

    • Bonding: Mostly covalent bonds.

    • Polarity: Nonpolar unless strongly electronegative atoms present.

    • Melting/Boiling Points: Generally low.

    • Flammability: High and burn in air.

    • Solubility: Not soluble in water unless polar groups present.

  • Inorganic Compounds

    • Composition: May include metals and nonmetals (e.g., NaCl).

    • Particle Type: Mostly ions (e.g., Na⁺, Cl⁻).

    • Bonding: Many ionic, some covalent.

    • Polarity: Nonpolar, ionic or polar covalent, few nonpolar covalent.

    • Melting/Boiling Points: Usually high.

    • Flammability: Low or do not burn.

    • Solubility: Mostly soluble, unless nonpolar.

Learning Goals in Organic Chemistry

  • Identify properties of compounds.

  • Write IUPAC names; draw condensed structural and line-angle formulas for alkanes.

Alkanes and Their Characteristics
Hydrocarbon Definitions

  • Hydrocarbons: Organic compounds consisting solely of carbon and hydrogen.

Structure of Alkanes

  • Alkanes only have single bonds (C−C).

  • The simplest alkane is methane (CH₄).

  • Saturated hydrocarbons contain only single bonds.

Alkanes Naming Structure

  • Alkanes with 5+ carbon atoms use prefixes for naming: pent (5), hex (6), hept (7), oct (8), non (9), dec (10).

IUPAC Naming Scheme for Alkanes

Drawing Structural Formulas

  • Expanded Structural Formula: Represents every atom and bond explicitly.

  • Condensed Structural Formula: Depicts groups of atoms by showing attached hydrogen atoms.

  • Line-Angle Formula: Uses zigzag lines to represent carbon skeleton; ends/corners signify carbon atoms.

Practice Structures

For each of the following alkanes, draw the expanded, condensed, and line-angle formulas:

  1. Methane (CH₄)

    • Expanded:
      H | H-C-H | H

    • Condensed: CH₄

    • Line-Angle: N/A (single carbon atom)

  2. Ethane (C₂H₆)

    • Expanded:
      H H | | H-C-C-H | | H H

    • Condensed: CH₃CH₃

    • Line-Angle: N/A (two carbon atoms, represented by a single line)

  3. Propane (C₃H₈)

    • Expanded:
      H H H | | | H-C-C-C-H | | | H H H

    • Condensed: CH₃CH₂CH₃

    • Line-Angle: (a zigzag line with 3 carbon atoms represented by ends/corner)
      / \ C C | | C

Structural Isomers

Definition

  • Compounds with the same molecular formula but different atomic arrangements are structural isomers.

Case Examples

  • C₄H₁₀ structural isomers: butane and isobutane representations show branching.

Physical Characteristics of Alkanes

  • Alkanes are nonpolar; thus, not soluble in water but soluble in organic solvents.

  • Low boiling points; increase with the number of carbon atoms due to increasing molecular weight.

Applications of Alkanes

  • Alkanes serve primarily as fuels. Different alkanes temperatures give varying applications in heating and energy.

  • Combustion of alkanes generates carbon dioxide and water.

Combustion Reaction Example

  • Propane combustion equation: ext{C₃H₈(g) + 5O₂(g) → 3CO₂(g) + 4H₂O(g) + energy}

Conclusion

  • Understanding the properties, structures, and reactions of alkanes is crucial for their safe handling and applications in industries such as fuel, medicine, and materials manufacturing.

  • This chapter lays the groundwork for the foundational knowledge required to tackle more complex organic compounds and reactions in subsequent studies.