AP HUMAN FINALS STUDY GUIDE
Map Projection: A way to transfer the 3-dimensional Earth onto a 2-dimensional map to reduce distortion.
Time Space Convergence: Refers to the accelerated movement of goods, information, and ideas in the 20th century made possible by technologies like TV and the internet.
Population Density: The number of people within a given area.
Human-Environment Interaction: Describes how humans modify or adapt to the natural world.
Maternal Mortality Rate: Number of deaths during or shortly after childbirth (per 100,000).
Demographic Transition Model: Explains the relationship between population and a country's development, showing population change over time.
Physiologic Population Density: Measure of the number of people per unit of arable land.
Population Doubling Time: The time required for a population to double in size.
Total Fertility Rate: The average number of children a woman will have during her childbearing years (15-49).
Thomas Malthus: Theorized that population growth depends on food supply and agricultural methods, with insufficient food leading to mortality.
Guest Workers: Individuals with temporary permission to work in another country.
Distance Decay: The principle that interaction decreases as distance increases.
Ethnocentrism: Judging another culture based on the values of one’s own culture.
Step Migration: Migration to a distant destination in stages.
Intervening Opportunity: A nearer opportunity that reduces the appeal of farther destinations.
Cultural Diffusion: The spread of ideas, innovations, cultural trends, or diseases.
Dialect: A regional or ethnic variation of a standard language.
Epidemiologic Transition: Population increase due to medical innovations reducing death rates.
Migration: Movement to a new locale involving permanence.
Time-Space Compression: Increased connectivity despite unchanged physical distances.
Environmental Determinism: The theory that the environment determines societal development.
Internal Migration: Migration within national boundaries.
Population Distribution: The pattern of people scattered across an area.
Population Pyramid: A visual representation of a population's age and sex structure.
Intervening Obstacle: An event or barrier that discourages migration.
Chain Migration: Migration where individuals follow family or friends to the same destination.
Asylum Seeker: A person seeking international protection but awaiting refugee status.
Expansion Diffusion: Cultural diffusion where an idea remains strong at its source and spreads outward.
Reference Maps: Maps showing landforms or places.
Absolute Direction: Finding a location using compass directions.
Place: Describes an area on Earth with distinguishing human and physical characteristics.
Census Data: The systematic collection of population information.
Regional Analysis: Examining regions at different scales—global, national, or local.
Replacement Fertility Level: The fertility rate (2.1) required to maintain a population size.
Possibilism: The theory that while the environment sets constraints, humans adapt creatively.
Political Map: A reference map showing political boundaries.
Absolute Distance: Measurement using standard units of length.
Satellite Navigation Systems: Systems of satellites providing geo-spatial positioning.
Relative Direction: Locating a place without compass directions.
Thematic Maps: Maps focusing on specific types of information or themes.
Carrying Capacity: The number of people an area can sustainably support.
Genocide: A deliberate effort to destroy a national, ethnic, racial, or religious group.
Spatial Scale: The hierarchy of spaces at different levels of analysis.
Remote Sensing: Collecting data from instruments distant from the study area.
Cartogram: A thematic map that uses space transformation to show statistical data.
Arithmetic Population Density: The number of people per total land area.
Transnational Migration: Migration across national boundaries.
Mortality Rate: Number of deaths per 1,000 people in a population per year.
Dot Density Map: A thematic map using dots to show frequency or distribution.
Ethnic Cleansing: Efforts to rid a region of a particular ethnicity.
Life Expectancy: The average number of years a newborn is expected to live.
Syncretism: The blending of two distinct cultures to form a new cultural trait.
Buddhism: Religion founded by Siddartha Gautama in northern India with roots in Hinduism.
Cultural Convergence: When cultures become more alike due to increased interaction.
Dependency Ratio: The economic impact of non-working age groups on the working population.
Ester Boserup: Theorized that population pressure leads to innovations in food production.
Geospatial Technologies: Tools for collecting and analyzing geographic data.
Regionalism: A group’s identification with a specific region.
Agricultural Population Density: The number of farmers per unit of arable land.
Population Aging: Determined by birth rates, death rates, and life expectancy.
Gendered Spaces: Areas where certain gender expressions are welcome or unwelcome.
Culture Hearth: The origin of a culture or civilization and its spread.
Judaism: Religion founded by Abraham, the first monotheistic faith.
Spatial Pattern: The layout and organization of features on Earth’s surface.
Choropleth Map: A thematic map that uses shading or coloring to display data.
Movement: How people, goods, and ideas travel across spaces.
Formal Region: A region defined by a shared trait.
Relative Distance: Measurement of connectivity between places.
Functional Region: A region defined by specific activities or interactions.
Relocation Diffusion: When ideas or innovations spread through the movement of people.
Islam: Religion founded by Muhammad, centered on the belief in one God, Allah.
Cultural Divergence: Cultures separating to preserve their identity.
Stimulus Diffusion: Expansion diffusion where the original idea is adapted.
Cultural Relativism: Understanding other cultures without judgment.
Animism: The belief that inanimate objects possess spirits.
Acculturation: The adoption of cultural traits by one group, blending into another.
Sequent Occupance: The layering of cultural imprints over time in a specific area.
Ethnicity: A group of people with a shared cultural identity.
Contagious Diffusion: Diffusion where nearly all individuals are affected as it spreads.
Refugee: A person crossing national boundaries seeking safety.
Hierarchical Diffusion: Diffusion targeting specific groups or areas.
Sikhism: Religion blending elements of Islam and Hinduism, founded by Guru Nanak.
Ecumene: Habitable parts of the world.
Natural Increase: Birth rate minus death rate.
Infant Mortality Rate: Deaths of infants under one year per 1,000 live births.
Baby Boomers: Post-WWII population increase.
Globalization: Increased interconnectedness in economics, politics, and culture.
Birth Rate: Live births per 1,000 people in a population.
Emigration (Out Migration): Movement out of a place.
Race: A historical classification of human populations based on physical traits.
Hinduism: The oldest religion, originating in India, centered on reincarnation.
Cultural Imperialism: Domination of one culture over another, often through colonization.
Transhumance: Seasonal movement of pastoralists and their livestock.
Perceptual/Vernacular Region: A region existing as an idea or perception.
Immigration: Movement into a place.
Regional Boundaries: Areas with overlapping, transitional, or contested boundaries.
Child Mortality Rate: Deaths of children aged 1-5 per 1,000.
Indigenous Communities: Original settlers of an area, distinct from colonizers.
Forced Migration: Migration against one’s will due to conflict, persecution, or disasters.
Geographic Information System (GIS): Technology for mapping and analyzing spatial data.