AP HUG Unit 4: Race, Ethnicity & Nationality

Race is a product of the human mind, not of nature.

Race: is identity of a group of people who share a biological ancestor.

• shade, tone, color of skin

Very little fundamental genetic variety between humans and no way to tell one category stops and another starts.

Ethnicity: is identity with a group of people who share the cultural traditions of a particular homeland or hearth.

Nationality: identity with a group of people who share legal attachment and personal allegiance with a country.

Race Perception & Bias

Get labels from your parents to start. Then your peers and more recently the media.

Implicit Bias: stereotypes or biases against groups of people that may be in our heads even though we do not want them.

• everyone has them and it is unintentional

Racism Around the World

Racism in Brazil:

• slave importing country

  • brought in 7x the amount of slaves that the US did

• were the last country in the western hemisphere to ban slavery, 1988

• non-Whites are the major victims if human rights abuses

• Black, Brown (Mulatto) Brazilians earn half the income of Whites

Racism in Japan:

• Japanese property owners will refuse to lease out their flats to foreigners

• jobs can refuses workers because they look to foreign

• teachers can refuses to teach foreign children if they lack the ability to teach them

• the Japanese want to keep Japan “pure”

  • passing these beliefs into their kids

  • not letting foreigners in, having very strict immigration laws

Racism in South Africa:

• An Apartheid - physical separation of different races into different geographic areas

  • creating homelands from the Black citizens

  • needing passbooks to leave their homelands

  • Blacks could not employ Whites

  • Black police could not arrest Whites

  • Blacks couldn’t by hard liquor

• Separate Amenities Act 1953

  • separate busses, hospitals, schools, universities, etc

• ANC (African National Congress)

  • a leader = Nelson Mandela

  • peaceful protests, boycotts, etc

  • deemed terrorists by the government

• hindering the government economically

• F.W. deKlerk becomes Prime Minister in 1989

  • he appeals apartheid laws, released political prisoners

    • Mandela released after 27 years

Racial Geography

• Hispanics are clustered in the Southwest

• African Americans are clustered in the Southeast

• Asian Americans are clustered in the West

  • particularly the Bay Area

• 90% of minorities will live more in urban areas

• African Americans and Hispanics are highly clustered within the urban areas

  • distribution are distinct at the neighborhood level

• Triangular Slave Trade played a vital role in where African Americans ended up today, in the South

  • involuntary reason

• Most Asian and Latin Americans came to the US for economic opportunities

  • voluntary reason

• Hispanic migrants are mainly from Mexico and Puerto Rico

• Asian migrants are mainly from China, the Philippines, and India

• African Americans showed two distinct migration patterns

  • Interregional migration from South to Northern cities

  • Intraregional migration from inner-city ghettos to the outer city and even into urban neighborhoods

• Main Whites moved out of the neighborhood as Blacks started moving in

  • known as “White Flight”

Ethnic Cleansing and Genocide

• Ethnic Cleansing: The purposeful policy designed but one ethnicity or religious group to remove by violent and terror-inspiring means towards another ethnic or religious groups

• Genocide: Mass killing of the group of people in an attempt to eliminate the entire group from existence

• Causes are ethnophobia and xenophobia

  • one ethnicity or group think that they are superior to another group

• Ethnic Cleansing in Asia:

  • the Uyghurs in China

  • the Rohingya in Myanmar

  • Yemen

• Ethnic Cleansing in Africa:

  • Rwanda, Burundi, the DCR

  • the Hutus and tutsis

• Ethnic Cleansing in Europe:

  • World War ll: the Jewish population

  • the Balkans

  • Kosovo

  • Bosnia and Herzegovina

  • Armenian

Political Patterns and Processes

• Boundary: The line that determines the limit of state jurisdiction

  • extends to below the land and above the land

    • subsoil & airspace

• Relic: Boundary that no longer exists as an international border but remnants of it existence remain

  • Berlin Wall

  • Great Wall of China

• Superimposed: Boundary that is drawn by powerful outsiders (colonizers) & ignores existing cultural groups

  • Israel/ Palestine

  • Africa

• Antecedent: Boundary in the natural landscape that exists before the cultural landscape emerged (before people moved in) & stayed in place

  • Mountains between Spain & France

  • Lakes between US & Canada

• Geometric: Boundary that follows a straight line or arcs (latitude & longitude)

  • Western US states

  • North & South Korea

• Consequent: Boundaries that coincide with cultural groups

  • Europe

  • Pakistan

• Subsequent: Boundary that evolves as the cultural landscape evolves

  • not always peaceful, usually ends moves to wars

  • Ireland & Northern Ireland

  • Sudan & South Sudan

• Four Steps:

  • Definition: the boundary is negotiated and legally described

  • Delimitation: the boundary is drawn on a map

  • Demarcation: markers are placed on the ground

    • signs, fences, etc

  • Administration: the boundary is maintained

  • Demilitarized Zone (DMZ): a buffer zone created by treaties/agreements between two or more military powers that falls on either side of the actual boundary

    • between North & South Korea

• International Agreements: Establishment of formal commitments between countries in world related issues

• International Sanctions: Policies or actions designed to induce states to change behavior

  • Embargo’s with North Korea/ China

Laws of the Sea

• UNCLOS: established rights and responsibilities of state concerning ownership/usage of the seas and their resources

  • Territorial Sea: zone of water adjacent to a states’s coast (12 miles) in which a states has sovereignty

  • Contiguous Zone: zone of water adjacent to Territorial Sea (24 miles) in which a state can enforce customs, immigration, and sanitation laws

  • EEZ: zone of water adjacent to Contiguous Zone (200 miles) in which the state has a right to explore, exploit, conserve and manage resources

  • International Waters: beyond the EEZ, all states have equal access

Forms of Government

• Unitary States: State that is governed as a single unit

  • one central government in control of everything

  • works for small states

  • homogeneous groups

  • most popular

    • ex: UK, Spain, China, Italy

• Confederate: local government make all the decisions (no central government)

  • no current examples

  • European Union

  • Revolutionary War, Civil War (the South)

• Federal State: State where there is a division of power between central government and local territories (states)

  • big states

  • heterogenous states

    • ex: US, Canada, Russia

• Authoritarian: Government with a strong central power, no constitutional accountability, no individual freedom

  • absolute monarchies (Saudi Arabia)

  • dictatorship (North Korea)

  • fascism (Hitler’s Germany)

• Democracy: Government where power resides with the majority (the people)

  • Republic: government where power resides in body of citizens entitled to vote and exercised by elected officials, governing according to law

• Voting District: Subdivision for election members of legislative body

• Redistricting: When voting districts are redrawn due to changes in populations

  • usually every 10 years after the US conducts it’s census

• Gerrymandering: Redistricting that it unfair and gives an advantage to a particular political party by concentrating voting strength

• Redistricting should be:

  • Balanced: each district should have approximately the same number of people

  • Contiguous: able to be reached by road from every other part of the district

  • Compact: as small as possible