Cell Biology

Cell Basic building block of organisms, specialized functions. Organelle Unique parts of a cell performing specific tasks. Nucleus Contains DNA, controls cell activities. Ribosomes Site of protein synthesis, composed of rRNA. Endoplasmic Reticulum Network of membranes for protein and lipid synthesis. Golgi Apparatus Modifies and packages proteins for transport. Mitochondria Produces ATP, has own DNA and ribosomes. Phospholipid Bilayer Double layer of phospholipids forming cell membranes. Hydrophobic Tails Water-repelling parts of phospholipids. Hydrophilic Heads Water-attracting parts of phospholipids. Cholesterol Maintains membrane fluidity and stability. Channel Proteins Allow ions and fluids to pass through membranes. Glycoproteins Serve as signals for cell recognition. Chromosomes Wound-up DNA within the nucleus. Translation Process of synthesizing proteins from mRNA. mRNA Carries genetic information from DNA to ribosomes. Nuclear Membrane Porous barrier surrounding the nucleus. Cristae Inner membrane folds of mitochondria for ATP production. Kreb Cycle Metabolic pathway producing ATP in mitochondria. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER) Synthesizes lipids and detoxifies substances. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (rER) Studded with ribosomes, synthesizes proteins. Lysosome Contains digestive enzymes for breaking down waste. Vesicle Storage sac for proteins, water, and waste.