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Untitled Flashcards Set

1. Memory – The persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information.

2. Encoding – The process of getting information into the memory system—for example, by extracting meaning.

3. Storage – The process of retaining encoded information over time.

4. Retrieval – The process of getting information out of memory storage.

5. Sensory Memory – The immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system.

6. Short-Term Memory – Activated memory that holds a few items briefly before the information is stored or forgotten.

7. Long-Term Memory – The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences.

8. Working Memory – A newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory.

9. Explicit Memory (Declarative Memory) – Memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare."

10. Implicit Memory (Non-Declarative Memory) – Retention independent of conscious recollection. Involves skills and conditioned responses.

11. Effortful Processing – Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.

12. Automatic Processing – Unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings.

13. Chunking – Organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically.

14. Mnemonics – Memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices.

15. Spacing Effect – The tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice.

16. Testing Effect – Enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading, information.

17. Shallow Processing – Encoding on a basic level based on the structure or appearance of words.

18. Deep Processing – Encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words; tends to yield the best retention.

19. Hippocampus – A neural center located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage.

20. Flashbulb Memory – A clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event.

21. Long-Term Potentiation (LTP) – An increase in a cell's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory.

22. Recall – A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test.

23. Recognition – A measure of memory in which the person identifies items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test.

24. Relearning – A measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again.

25. Priming – The activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory.

26. Mood-Congruent Memory – The tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood.

27. Serial Position Effect – Our tendency to recall best the last (recency effect) and first items (primacy effect) in a list.

28. Anterograde Amnesia – An inability to form new memories.

29. Retrograde Amnesia – An inability to retrieve information from one's past.

30. Proactive Interference – The disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information.

31. Retroactive Interference – The disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information.

32. Repression – In psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories.

33. Misinformation Effect – When misleading information has corrupted one's memory of an event.

34. Source Amnesia (Source Misattribution) – Attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined.

Untitled Flashcards Set

1. Memory – The persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information.

2. Encoding – The process of getting information into the memory system—for example, by extracting meaning.

3. Storage – The process of retaining encoded information over time.

4. Retrieval – The process of getting information out of memory storage.

5. Sensory Memory – The immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system.

6. Short-Term Memory – Activated memory that holds a few items briefly before the information is stored or forgotten.

7. Long-Term Memory – The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences.

8. Working Memory – A newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory.

9. Explicit Memory (Declarative Memory) – Memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare."

10. Implicit Memory (Non-Declarative Memory) – Retention independent of conscious recollection. Involves skills and conditioned responses.

11. Effortful Processing – Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.

12. Automatic Processing – Unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings.

13. Chunking – Organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically.

14. Mnemonics – Memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices.

15. Spacing Effect – The tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice.

16. Testing Effect – Enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading, information.

17. Shallow Processing – Encoding on a basic level based on the structure or appearance of words.

18. Deep Processing – Encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words; tends to yield the best retention.

19. Hippocampus – A neural center located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage.

20. Flashbulb Memory – A clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event.

21. Long-Term Potentiation (LTP) – An increase in a cell's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory.

22. Recall – A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test.

23. Recognition – A measure of memory in which the person identifies items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test.

24. Relearning – A measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again.

25. Priming – The activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory.

26. Mood-Congruent Memory – The tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood.

27. Serial Position Effect – Our tendency to recall best the last (recency effect) and first items (primacy effect) in a list.

28. Anterograde Amnesia – An inability to form new memories.

29. Retrograde Amnesia – An inability to retrieve information from one's past.

30. Proactive Interference – The disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information.

31. Retroactive Interference – The disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information.

32. Repression – In psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories.

33. Misinformation Effect – When misleading information has corrupted one's memory of an event.

34. Source Amnesia (Source Misattribution) – Attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined.

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