MIDTERM STUDY

International Relations in an Age of Imperialism (1871-1918) - Chapter 1

Imperialism and the Scramble for Africa

• The Berlin Conference of 1884-1885 set up the terms for the division of most of Africa among

colonial powers.

European

• The main purpose of the Berlin Conference was to prevent fighting of

nations over the division of

European

AFRiCA

of 1884-1885,

As a result ofthe BeRlin ConfeRence

Europeans divided Africa into

colonies

without consulting

AFRiCan

leaders.

auty

;" many imperial powers believed

As part of their"

Sense

they needed to colonize the continent of Africa for reasons that were known as the

" ThRee C'S

" These were

ChRistianity

commeRce

, and

Civilization

• Rudyard Kipling's " White man's burden
Referred to the white race's supposed duty to"

civilize

" inferior non-white races.

Canal because

BRitain

insisted on taking control of the

Britain wanted easier access to its holdings in Asia, for example, _

Suez

India

• European insistence on the growth of cash CROPS

caused low food supplies in

Africa.

• The two European nations that, despite the Berlin Conference agreements, almost did engage in war over Egypt and the Sudan region were

BRitain

and tRance

• "The
Sun

SetS

on the British

EmpiRe " was a saying about the Empire at

the

редк

of its power. This meant that the British had colonies in every part of the world.

Colonial Management

Indirect Control

  •   Local governments used

  •   Limited Self-rule

  •   Goal: to develop future leaders

  •   Government institutions based on European styles but may have local rules

  •   Examples: British colonies such as Nigeria, India, Burma

• US colonieson Pacific Islands

Direct Control

  •   Foreign officials were brought in to rule

  •   No self-rule

  •   Goal: assimilation

  •   Government institutions are based on European styles

  •   Examples: French colonies such as Somaliland, Vietnam

  •   German colonies such as German East Africa

  •   Portuguese colonies such as Angola

Management Methods

• The goal of direct control was

assimilation

  •   Both indirect and direct control based their government institutions on European styles.

  •   Direct control had no

self

-

RUle

• The British preferred indirect control, whereas the _

French preferred direct control.

Japan Becomes a World Powers

• Concern about the power of the U.S. military forced Japan to acknowledge the trade interests of outside nations.

Ching

resisted modern ways while Japan adapted and modernized.

• Rapid industrialization and economic gROWth

occurred during the Meiji Restoration.

• The Russo-Japanese War began when Japan surprise-attacked Russian Ship Sin.

PORt

ARthuR

The US Becomes a World Powers

• Prior to the independence revolutions of the 18th and 19th centuries, Spain and PORtugaL

owned virtually all of the colonies in Latin America.

• The

Sinking

of the Battleship -

Maine

criticized by the American press and forced the U.S. to get involved in international affairs.

• The Spanish

American WaR

• is the event that officially demonstrated the U.S. move from

isolationism

imperealism

• Spain lost control of

Cuba

→ as a result of the Spanish-American War.

• One major result of the Spanish-American War was the United States becoming an

ImpeRial

_ power in Latin America and the

Pacific

Protectionism is the policy of placing high taRiFfS

(taxes) on

impoRts

order to protect domestic industries from foreign competition.

The purpose of the

MOAROe

OCTRIne

was to discourage

European countries from establishing colonies in _

Latin

AmeRica

• The
Koose velt

COROllARY

, an addition to the

Monroe Doctrine, essentially allowed the United States to become an international police force.

was the U.S. President

Theodore

oosevelt

awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his help in negotiating the tReaty Of poRtsmouth

• The United States wanted to build a canal in
Atlantic

and

Pacific

to allow ships to pass between the

without having to go around

Cape

HORn

World War I

Bismarck's Alliances

GeRmany

was unified by

ruled by KaiseR Wilhelm 11

Otto Von BismaRctand later during the last decade of the 1800 s and most of

WoRId WaR I

• ITaly AUStRia- HungaRy

→ and GeRmany

belonged to

TRiple K

PR ALLIANCE

• BRitain

→ FRaNCe

, and RUSSia

all belonged to the

tRiple entente

Sermany and HuStRia-HungaRy were known as the CentRal toWERS because of their location at the heart of Europe.

Causes of World War I

  •   The policy of gloRifying pow and Keeping an ARMy prepared for war is militaRiSM

  •   A key characteristic of nationalisms having StROng pRide in your COuntRy

The most probable link between

MilitaRiSm and impeRelism is that as a country

gains colonies

- the MilitaRy gROWS

to protect them.

The Spark

• The

Balkan Peninsula was refered to as the " PowdeR Keg "of

Europe.

Serbia wanted to rule all of the Slavic peoples in the Balkan Peninsula. Austria was determined not to let that happen.

The assassination oF Austria's ARchduke FRanz FeRdinand his wife Sophie in

SaRavejo

ignited the _

GReat WaR

• Archduke Franz Ferdinand was assassinated by .

Serbian nationalists

° Austria decided to use the assassinations to punish Serbia and presented Serbia with an ultimatum.
Serbia_
RefUSed to give in to Austria's demands.

The Great War

• AustRia-HungaRy was the _ fiRSt

nation

to declaRe Wakin World War I against Serbia.

• The Schlieffen Plan

is the plan that Germany created to prepare for a

tWO fROnt WaR. They planned to attack tRance fiRstnd then Russia

• The Germans believed this would work because Russia lagged behind in its

RailRoad

system and would take longer to get supplies to the front lines.

• TRench WaRfaRasa way to PROteCt soldiers fom enemy gunfiRe

  •   Life in the trenches was miserable. The men lived in mud.

  •   The area between the trenches was known as

"no man's land

Unrestricted Submarine Warfare

• Germany's policy to_

Sink any Ship

in British waters

without waRning is known as

unRestRicted submaRine waRfaRe

• German submarines sank the Lusitania

which was a passenger ship killing over

a thousand people.

• Germany promised to StOP

using this policy.

• In 1917. GeRmany RetURN his policy hoping i Keep cargo ships from reaching GReat BRitain

The U.S. enters the war.

• Germany's plan to help Mexico Regain land lost to the United States was revealed In the ZimmeRman telegRam
German policy of unrestricted submarine warfare and the sending of the
Zimmerman telegram

prompted the United States to enteR WW.

Governments Wage Total War

• During the war governments used

propaganda

-to influence public

opinion

to keep up support and morale for the war.

The Allies Win the War

• The

Russians

signed the Reaty Of BRest-Lit lakine

taking them out

of World War I. This allowed

GeRmany

to focus all of their efforts on the

WesteRn tROnt

• On November 11, 1918 an aRmistice was signed bringing

* WWI to

an end

The Treaty of Versailles

• The Treaty of Versailles

blamed GeRman yfor the entire war.

  •   This left a legacy of bitterness and hat Rein the hearts of German people.

  •   President Woodrow Wilson of the United States gave a speech, known as the Fourteen Points → which outlined his vision foR the postwaR woRld
    o One of Wilson's points was the creation of a League of Nations

  • However Americans believed

that the United States should

Stay out of european affaiRs.

International Relations in an age of Uncertainty, 1919-1933 - Chapter 2

The Fourteen Points

January 1918

: US President

_ Woodrow Wilson

delivered a speech to Congress in which he outlined his vision for the futuRe

This was known as the

Fourted it FutuRe

• Some goals of the Fourteen Points:

• No SecRe+ TReaties

• Reduction of arms

Self-DeteRminatiOn: People of a common nationality should have the right to form their own nations and govern themselves.

• Creation of

League of Nations

in negotiations (this was

not fulfilled)

Including

RuSSin

Encouraging Free Trade.

Russian Revolution & WWI

• CzaR Nicholas | was replaced by a Provisional Goverment in Russia in 1917.

• The Bolshevik Leader was

VadimiR Lenin.

This caused concern in Europe because Lenin intended to SpRead the communist revolution as far as possible.

• Lenin felt it was necessary to end Russia's involvement in

, so he signed the

TReaty of BRest-LitovSK

on March 3, 1918:

  •   Terms were very haRsh on Russia and not in line with Wilson's Fourteen Points.

  •   Russia lost 25% of population, 25% of industry and 90% of its coal mines to GeRmany

CominteRm

Its aim was to encouRage

: an international Communist organization founded in Moscow in 1919.

worldwide communist

Revolution

Paris Peace Conference

JanuaRy 1919

: representatives from nearly 30 countries met in

WaRSailleS to create a settlement to end WWI and prevent another war.

• The Council of WaR

made most decisions:

• President Woodrow_

Wilson

_ (USA)

• Prime Minister David Lloyd GeoRge

— (Great Britain)

• Prime Minister Georges

Clemenceau

(France)

Prime Minister Vittorio ORlando

_ (Italy)

Aims of the Big Three:

I Rance them weak militarily

: wanted to

destRoy GeRmany

economically and keep)

  •   Clemenceau's determination to punish Germany earned him the nickname,
    " TigeR

  •   France's uncompRomising

_ position to punish Germany was probably the

obstacle

of the Paris Peace Settlements.

BRitain

& the USA wanted to help German economic recovery to

enhance tRade

• Wilson wanted a lenient peace based on the Fourteen Points.

returned to France.

Treaty of Versailles Terms

Alsace

and

LORRaINE

Rhineland would be

demilitaRized

  •   Creation of the Polish Corridor

  •   German African

colonies

became

Mandates

(land taken to

be administered by the League Of

Nations

• The _
SaaR Valley

would be administered by the League for 15 years and then there

would be a

Plebiscite

(a_

vote

) to determine if it should belong to

France or Germany.

WaR guilt clause

: blamed Germany for WWI

£6.6 Billion in RepaRations.

Reactions to the Paris Peace Settlement

GeRmanS

felt resentful and bitteR

the peace talks and the "

dictated peace

Points

Haly

was upset it

didn't

_ receive the

promised.

France thought the terms weren't harsh enough

Russia

was also

not invited

were upset they lost land.

- they were not allowed to attend

" did not follow the Fourteen

land it had been

to the peace talks and they

Germany After the Treaty

• Germany's new

democRatiC

government in

1919

WeimaR Republic

• There were some

weaknesses

of the Weimar Republic:

• A large number of polítical paRties in Germany.

• There was a

of democratic

tRadition

The economy was suffering uncontrollable inflation

American Foreign Policy

President

Wilson

believed the US had the responsibility to be

" Internationalist" and ensure future world peace and stability.

• The

AmeRican

_people felt diffeRently

o Us senate Rejected

the Paris Peace Settlement

• the us Refused join the League of Nations

• Americans wanted to return to

Isolationism (keep out of foreign affairs)