Human-Behavior-and-Victimology

SOCIOLOGY OF CRIMES, ETHICS, & HUMAN RELATIONS (CRIM)

Human Behavior and Victimology

Areas for the Licensure Examination:

• Criminal Law and Jurisprudence (20%)

• Law Enforcement Administration (15%)

• Crime Detection and Investigation (20%)

• Forensic (15%)

• Correctional Administration (10%)

• Criminal Sociology (20%)

Reference: Sec. 15 (R.A. 11131)

Topics, Percentage Weight & Distribution

Overview of the Lecture:

• Introduction (definition of terms, basic concepts, and fundamental knowledge)

• Development (stages of human development in relation to behavior)

• Emotions, frustration, and conflicts

• Criminal Psychology (different types of disorders)

• Sexual Deviancy

• Victimology (basic concepts, relevant figures, related laws)

Human Behavior

• Definition: Any individual action involving self-initiated action or reaction to situations

• It reflects the total reactions to the environment, including thoughts, intentions, and actions

• Human beings are intelligent social animals with mental capabilities for rational thought

Theories of Human Behavior

1. Instinct Theory: Behavior based on innate biological forces.

   • Advocate: McDougall – all thinking results from instinct, adjustable via learning.

2. Drive Theory: Actions arise from natural needs (e.g., thirst).

   • Advocate: Clark Hull – actions driven to meet the need (e.g., thirst).

3. Mechanistic Theory: Actions result from involuntary internal or external forces; based on pleasure and pain.

Classification of Human Behavior

1. Habitual Behavior: Motorized behaviors, often seen in daily communication.

2. Instinctive Behavior: Unlearned and innate behaviors (e.g., survival instincts).

3. Symbolic Behavior: Actions conveyed through gestures or symbols.

4. Complex Behavior: Combination of various behavior types.

Causes of Human Behavior

• Sensation: Feelings/impressions from stimuli (sight, smell, touch, hearing, taste).

• Perception: Individual knowledge influencing behavioral responses.

• Awareness: Psychological activity shaped by past experiences.

Behavioral Views and Factors Affecting Behavior

• Neurological View: Relations of actions to biological processes (brain and nervous system).

• Behavioral View: Focus on observable actions influenced by environment.

• Cognitive View: How the brain processes information influences behavior.

• Psychoanalytical View: Emphasizes unconscious motives from childhood.

• Humanistic View: Focus on personal experiences and self-actualization.

Factors Affecting Human Behavior

• Heredity/Biology: Traits passed from parents; impacts personality.

• Environment: Surrounding conditions influencing behavior patterns.

Types of Behavior

1. Conscious Behavior: Awareness of action.

2. Unconscious Behavior: Actions without awareness of motive.

3. Overt Behavior: Observable responses.

4. Covert Behavior: Not directly observed.

5. Voluntary Behavior: Under conscious control.

6. Involuntary Behavior: Automatic processes.

Emotional Reactions and Frustration

• Emotion Definition: Refers to stirred up bodily states.

• Frustration: Blocks motivated behavior; can lead to anxiety and irritability.

• Sources of Frustration:

  • Physical obstacles

  • Social circumstances

  • Personal shortcomings

  • Conflicts between motives

Conflict Types

1. Approach-Avoidance Conflict: Drawn to something desirable but with negative outcomes.

2. Approach-Approach Conflict: Choosing between two desirable options.

3. Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict: Choice between two undesirable alternatives.

4. Multiple Approach-Avoidance Conflict: Conflicted by multiple options with both pros and cons.

Freud’s Perspectives on Conflict

1. Id: Pleasure-seeking part that is consistent and unrealistic.

2. Ego: The rational, realistic component seeking satisfaction in the real world.

3. Superego: Moral compass derived from social interactions; mediates between id and ego.

Coping Mechanisms and Responses to Frustration

• Fight: Engage directly with issues.

• Flight: Avoidance of confrontation.

• Detour: Change of approach when strategies fail.

• Withdrawal: Escaping the situation.

• Use of Defense Mechanisms: Unconscious psychological strategies to manage anxiety.

Defense Mechanisms Described

• Displacement: Shifting emotions to a less threatening target.

• Rationalization: Justifying behavior with excuses.

• Projection: Attributing one's unacceptable feelings to others.

CRIMINAL PSYCHOLOGY

• Definition: Study of criminal behavior, focusing on personality factors and actions prohibited by law.

• Criminal behavior: Antisocial actions with potential for legal penalties.

• Goals of Studying Criminal Psychology: Describe, identify, and control criminal behaviors.

Norms and Abnormal Behaviors

• Normal Behavior: Conformity to societal standards; healthy self-expression.

• Abnormal Behavior: Significant deviation from cultural norms.

• Criteria for Abnormal Behavior: Statistical deviation, social norms violation, maladaptive behavior, and personal distress.

Mental Disturbances

• Insanity: Inability to distinguish right from wrong due to mental causes.

• Categories of Mental Retardation: Mild to profound, each with varying levels of independence and ability.

Behavioral Disorders Overview

• Behavioral Disorders: Disorders characterized by emotional factors influencing physical conditions (psychosomatic disorders, neuroses, anxiety disorders, etc.).

• Types of Phobias: Specific fears that can cause distress and suffering (e.g., acrophobia, agoraphobia, claustrophobia).

• Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders: Obsessions (intrusive thoughts) and compulsions (behaviors performed to alleviate anxiety).

Personality Disorders Types

1. Paranoid Personality: Marked by suspicion and distrust.

2. Schizoid Personality: Avoidance of close relationships; emotional coldness.

3. Antisocial Personality: Disregard for social norms; often involves aggression.

Schizophrenia Types

• Simple Schizophrenia: Social withdrawal; irritability.

• Paranoid Schizophrenia: Hallucinations, delusions of persecution.

• Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): Chronic stress response after traumatic events.

Victimology Defined

• Definition: Study of victimization, relationships between victims & offenders, and impacts on the criminal justice system.

• Types of Victims: Direct (experience events first-hand) vs. Indirect (family and associates affected).

Impact of Crime on Victims

• Victimization can lead to:

  • Tangible losses: Property damage, medical costs, lost productivity.

  • Intangible losses: Pain, suffering, emotional distress.

Victim Patterns and Factors

• Gender: Men are often victims of violent crime; women more likely to experience sexual violence.

• Age: Younger people typically face higher risks.

• Income: Low income correlates with higher victimization.

Laws Supporting Victims

• Republic Act No. 7309: Offers compensation for victims of violent crime.

• Other Relevant Laws: Protect children, address sexual harassment, and anti-trafficking statutes.

General Guidelines for Claims and Compensation

• Claims must be filed within 6 months of incident. Maximum compensation varies by case type (up to ₱10,000).

Concluding Quote

“By failing to prepare, you are preparing to fail.” - Benjamin Franklin.

Thank You

• Good luck on your studies!