Lesson 2 - Psychological School of Thoughts - History- Development- and Evolution of Psychology.pptx

Introduction to Psychology

• Instructor: Jasper Ann P. Sta. Maria, RPm, MAEd

• Institution: Lyceum de San Pablo

Intended Learning Outcomes

• Differentiate and compare schools of thought used in Psychology.

• Identify the different theoretical fields of psychology.

Psychological Schools of Thought

Overview of Different Schools of Psychology

• Cognitive Psychology: Studies mental processes.

• Behaviorism: Focuses on observable behavior.

• Humanistic Psychology: Focuses on individual free will.

• Psychoanalysis: Studies the unconscious mind.

• Gestalt Psychology: Studies the mind and behavior as a whole.

Detailed Overview of Schools of Psychology

Structuralism

• Focus: Reducing mental processes to their most basic elements.

• Techniques: Uses introspection to analyze the inner processes of the human mind.

• Founded by Wilhelm Wundt, specialized in experimental self-observation.

Functionalism

• Reaction to Structuralism, influenced by William James.

• Focus: Purpose of consciousness and behaviors; how these processes help individuals adapt to environments.

• Advocates included John Dewey, James Rowland Angell, Harvey Carr.

Behaviorism

• Theory: All behaviors are acquired through conditioning and interactions with the environment.

• Focus: Observable behaviors; rejects studying internal mental states.

• Key figures: John B. Watson, B. F. Skinner.

Gestalt Psychology

• Focus: How people perceive objects as unified wholes.

• Founded in Germany: Key figures include Max Wertheimer, Wolfgang Köhler, Kurt Koffka.

• Philosophy: The whole is greater than the sum of its parts (holism).

Psychoanalysis

• Founded by Sigmund Freud, focused on unconscious influences on behavior.

• Three elements of personality: id (primal urges), ego (reality mediator), superego (morality).

• Important concepts: Conscious vs. unconscious, psychosexual development, and the methods of dream analysis.

Humanistic Psychology

• Response to psychoanalysis and behaviorism, emphasizes personal growth.

• Influenced by Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers.

• Focus: Self-actualization, individual free will, and achieving personal potential through positive experiences.

Cognitive Psychology

• Focus: Mental processes such as perception, memory, and learning.

• Emerged in the 1950s as a challenge to behaviorism.

• Related fields: Neuroscience, philosophy, linguistics. Important theories: Stages of cognitive development (Jean Piaget), sociocultural theory (Lev Vygotsky).

Biological Psychology

• Also known as biopsychology or behavioral neuroscience.

• Focus: Biological factors such as genetics, brain structure, and neurotransmitters affecting mental processes and behavior.

Historical Foundations of Psychology

• Key figures in Psychology's history from Plato and Aristotle to modern thinkers like B.F. Skinner and Jean Piaget.

• Timeline of significant contributors and their contributions from the 5th century BCE to the 21st century.