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Lesson 2 - Psychological School of Thoughts - History- Development- and Evolution of Psychology.pptx

Introduction to Psychology

  • Instructor: Jasper Ann P. Sta. Maria, RPm, MAEd

  • Institution: Lyceum de San Pablo

Intended Learning Outcomes

  • Differentiate and compare schools of thought used in Psychology.

  • Identify the different theoretical fields of psychology.

Psychological Schools of Thought

Overview of Different Schools of Psychology

  • Cognitive Psychology: Studies mental processes.

  • Behaviorism: Focuses on observable behavior.

  • Humanistic Psychology: Focuses on individual free will.

  • Psychoanalysis: Studies the unconscious mind.

  • Gestalt Psychology: Studies the mind and behavior as a whole.

Detailed Overview of Schools of Psychology

Structuralism

  • Focus: Reducing mental processes to their most basic elements.

  • Techniques: Uses introspection to analyze the inner processes of the human mind.

  • Founded by Wilhelm Wundt, specialized in experimental self-observation.

Functionalism

  • Reaction to Structuralism, influenced by William James.

  • Focus: Purpose of consciousness and behaviors; how these processes help individuals adapt to environments.

  • Advocates included John Dewey, James Rowland Angell, Harvey Carr.

Behaviorism

  • Theory: All behaviors are acquired through conditioning and interactions with the environment.

  • Focus: Observable behaviors; rejects studying internal mental states.

  • Key figures: John B. Watson, B. F. Skinner.

Gestalt Psychology

  • Focus: How people perceive objects as unified wholes.

  • Founded in Germany: Key figures include Max Wertheimer, Wolfgang Köhler, Kurt Koffka.

  • Philosophy: The whole is greater than the sum of its parts (holism).

Psychoanalysis

  • Founded by Sigmund Freud, focused on unconscious influences on behavior.

  • Three elements of personality: id (primal urges), ego (reality mediator), superego (morality).

  • Important concepts: Conscious vs. unconscious, psychosexual development, and the methods of dream analysis.

Humanistic Psychology

  • Response to psychoanalysis and behaviorism, emphasizes personal growth.

  • Influenced by Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers.

  • Focus: Self-actualization, individual free will, and achieving personal potential through positive experiences.

Cognitive Psychology

  • Focus: Mental processes such as perception, memory, and learning.

  • Emerged in the 1950s as a challenge to behaviorism.

  • Related fields: Neuroscience, philosophy, linguistics. Important theories: Stages of cognitive development (Jean Piaget), sociocultural theory (Lev Vygotsky).

Biological Psychology

  • Also known as biopsychology or behavioral neuroscience.

  • Focus: Biological factors such as genetics, brain structure, and neurotransmitters affecting mental processes and behavior.

Historical Foundations of Psychology

  • Key figures in Psychology's history from Plato and Aristotle to modern thinkers like B.F. Skinner and Jean Piaget.

  • Timeline of significant contributors and their contributions from the 5th century BCE to the 21st century.