Computer

Chapter 1: Types and Parts of Computer

• Types of Computer:

  • Micro Computers (Personal Computers):

    • Examples: Desktop, Laptop, Tablet

  • Minicomputers (Mid-range Computers):

    • Uses: Businesses, Laboratories, Hospitals

  • Mainframe Computers:

    • Function: Service multiple users, Used by Government, Banks

  • Supercomputers:

    • Applications: Weather forecasting, Fluid dynamics, Nuclear simulations

• Computer System Components:

  • Hardware (HW)

  • Software (SW)

  • User

• Part Types:

  • Input devices

  • Output devices

  • Storage devices (HDD, CD/DVD)

  • Processor: (CPU, RAM)

• Historical Note:

  • First numerical computation performed by Pascal in 1800.

  • Babbage designed sequence operations for computation.

Chapter 2: Components of Computer

• Types of Computer Ports:

  • Hardware (Physical):

    • Input Devices: Mouse, Keyboard, Scanner, Camera, Digital Pen, Microphone

    • Output Devices: Screen, Printer, Speaker

    • I/O Devices: Touch Screen, Flash Memory, CD/DVD

  • Software (Virtual):

    • Operating Systems: Android, MAC (Apple), Unix, Linux, Various Windows versions.

• Software Categories:

  • Operating System (OS):

  • Applied Software:

    • Examples: Microsoft Office, Facebook, Games.

Chapter 3: Parts of Computer

• Physical Components:

  • Monitor: Display

  • Mouse: Equipped with left and right click options.

  • Keyboard: Input device for typing.

  • Computer Case: Houses the components.

  • Power Supply: Supplies electrical power to components.

  • Motherboard:

    • The central board connecting all parts (Examples: Intel, Pentium, ASUS, Nvidia)

  • HDD: Hard Disk Drive for storage (varied capacities like 300 GB, 1 TB).

  • Network Card: Facilitates payment transactions (e.g., Visa, Mastercard).

  • Sound Card: Produces sound for playback.

  • Modem: Converts data for analog transmission (uses: telephone, radio).

  • Ports:

    • Include Serial and Parallel Ports connecting to I/O devices.

  • CPU (Central Processing Unit):

    • The brain of the computer, performs calculations (Examples: Dual core, 13-19 models).

    • CU: Control Unit that prioritizes tasks.

    • ALU: Arithmetic and Logic Unit capable of calculations like (3+2)x5.

  • Bus: Transmits data between components.

  • CD/DVD Drive: Reads/writes CDs and DVDs.

  • VGA: Visual Graphics Adapter.

Chapter 4: Memory Types

• Types of Memory:

  1. RAM (Random Access Memory):

     • Function: Stores data temporarily, read/write memory, volatile when power is off.

     • Types of RAM:

       • Static RAM (SRAM):

         • High-speed, expensive, used for cache memory.

       • Dynamic RAM (DRAM):

         • Cheaper, refreshes frequently, and maintains high density of data storage.

  2. ROM (Read-Only Memory):

     • Function: Stores data permanently, not volatile.

     • Types of ROM:

       • PROM: Programmable once (Example: Fuse).

       • EPROM: Erasable via UV light.

       • EEPROM: Erasable and reprogrammable electrically (most expensive).

  3. Cache Memory:

     • Exists within CPU, enhances processing speed.

  4. CMOS:

     • Functions with a battery to maintain system date and time while powered off.

Chapter 5: Storage Units

• Storage Capacity and Conversion:

  • 1 Terabyte (TB) = 1024 Gigabytes (GB)

  • 1 Gigabyte = 1024 Megabytes (MB)

  • 1 Megabyte = 1024 Kilobytes (KB)

  • 1 Kilobyte = 1024 Bytes

  • Bits: 8 bits = 1 byte.

  • Examples:

    • 12 MB = 100663296 bits

    • 400 TB = 400 x 210 x 210 x 210 x 210 x 8 bits.

Chapter 6: Generations of Computers

• Generation 1 (1940-1956):

  • Technologies: Vacuum tubes

  • Size: 30 tons

  • Languages: Machine language

  • Example: ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrated and Calculator)

• Generation 2 (1956-1963):

  • Technologies: Transistors

  • Benefits: Smaller, faster, cheaper, binary language.

• Generation 3 (1964-1971):

  • Technologies: Integrated Circuits (IC)

  • Features: Multi-tasking, several applications concurrently.

• Generation 4 (1972-2010):

  • Technologies: Microprocessors

  • Interfaces: Graphical User Interfaces (GUI)

  • Languages: High-level programming languages

• Generation 5 (2010-Present):

  • Focus: Artificial Intelligence (AI), natural language processing, nano-technology.

Chapter 7: Number Systems

• Base Decimal (Base 10):

  • Components: 0, 1, 2, ..., 9

• Base Binary (Base 2):

  • Components: 0, 1

• Conversions:

  • Examples of conversions from Base 10 to Binary and from Binary to Base 10 illustrated in depth.

• Base Octal (Base 8):

  • Examples of conversions between Base 8 and Base 10 shown.

• Base Hexadecimal (Base 16):

  • Utilizes digits 0-9 and letters A-F for values.

  • Details for converting between Base 10 and Base 16 are included.