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Lecture 20
Lecture 20
Exam Overview
Exam 4 format similar to Exam 3
Strategy: Answer short answer questions first
Open office hours on Zoom (Apr 8, 7-8 pm)
Email notifications for homework and team activities
Extra credit for 75% completion on TRACE
Topics Covered Today
Pathogen Identification
Biochemical Profiles
Nucleic Acid Amplification Tests (NAATs, e.g., PCR)
Point-of-Care Rapid Diagnostics Tests
Review for Exam 4
Case Study: Thomas's Illness
Background
: Thomas (5 years old) and family visit a fair
Symptoms
: Stomach cramps, vomiting, diarrhea, blood in diarrhea
Treatment Journey
: Initial doctor's appointment leads to diagnosis of acute renal failure
Sample Collection
: Urine, blood, and stool samples collected for testing
Pathogen Identification Techniques
1. Biochemical Profiles
Definition
: Used primarily for bacteria to identify microbial pathogens
Methods
: Employ selective and differential media, dichotomous keys
Key Bacterial Examples
:
Streptococcus pneumoniae
: Identified via optochin sensitivity
Staphylococcus aureus
: Has positive coagulase test | Catalase positive
2. PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)
Function
: Amplifies DNA from pathogens (no need for viable cells)
Allows detection of specific sequences from pathogens (viral & hard-to-culture bacteria)
Provides visual results through gel electrophoresis
Procedure Overview
:
Primers bind to specific pathogen genes
RNA extracted from samples, converted to DNA
Amplification with specific primers followed by result interpretation
3. Advantages and Disadvantages of Identification Techniques
Biochemical Tests
:
Advantages
: Provide pure cultures, useful for antibiotic susceptibility testing
Disadvantages
: Time-consuming, not effective on hard-to-culture organisms, infection risk to staff
PCR - NAATs
:
Advantages
: High sensitivity, rapid results, effective for hard-to-culture pathogens
Disadvantages
: High cost, complex technology, limited information on pathogen susceptibility
Point-of-Care Rapid Diagnostics
Focus
: Fast diagnosis of infectious diseases
Sensitivity vs. Specificity
:
Sensitivity
: Correctly identifies those with the disease (true positives)
Specificity
: Correctly identifies those without the disease (true negatives)
Immunochromatography
(example: pregnancy tests)
Advantages
: Fast results, no culturing, helps prevent unnecessary antibiotic use
Disadvantages
: Risk of missing multiple infections, no data on antibiotic sensitivity
Important Metrics:
Sensitivity & Specificity in Diagnostic Tests
Understanding percentage values and how they affect test credibility
Summary of Case Study Tests
Testing Focus on E. coli 0157:H7
:
Toxin Production: Produces Shiga toxin impacting kidneys
PCR analysis confirms presence of toxin gene, indicating pathogenic strain
Review Points for Exam 4
Review all identification techniques, case studies, and diagnostic tests
Understand key microbial characteristics and their implications for diagnosis and treatment
Prepare for questions about symptoms, pathogen tests, and immunological responses.
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Explore Top Notes
Chapter 3: Senses and Perception
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Studied by 16 people
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Chapter 21: Earth's Changing Surface
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