LITE Chapter 1 Part 1

Living in the IT Era

• Emphasis on the significance of Information Technology (IT) in modern life.

Computers vs. Humans

Common Attributes

• Central Processing Unit: Both systems (computers and humans) can process and store information.

• Complex Systems: Both exhibit complexity, with computers using circuits and humans utilizing brain functions.

• Input and Output:

  • Computers: Utilize input devices such as keyboards, mice, and more.

  • Humans: Rely on sensory input through sight, sound, etc.

• Communication:

  • Computers: Use structured languages and codes.

  • Humans: Engage through language, gestures, and expressions.

• Capability to Perform Tasks:

  • Computers: Can execute calculations, data analysis, and automation.

  • Humans: Employ physical (actions) and mental (thoughts) capabilities.

• Learning Ability:

  • Computers: Can be programmed for tasks.

  • Humans: Learn through experiences, observations, and education.

What is a Computer?

• Definition: An electronic device that manipulates data.

• Functions: Store, retrieve, and process data.

• Components:

  • Hardware: Physical components such as input/output devices.

  • Software: Programs that execute tasks on the hardware.

  • System Unit: Main unit containing essential components.

Chapter 1: Computer Hardware

Overview of Computer Hardware

• Definition: Also known as peripherals; the physical components enabling functionality.

• Classified into: Input and output devices.

Input Devices

• Definition: Hardware that sends data to computers, enabling user interaction.

• Examples:

  • Keyboard, Mouse, Touchpad, Scanner, Digital Camera, Microphone, etc.

Output Devices

• Definition: Hardware that receives data from a computer and converts it into different forms.

• Examples:

  • Monitor, Printer, Speakers, Projector, VR Headsets, etc.

System Unit

• Definition: The main part of a desktop computer known as the tower or chassis.

• Components: Contains electronic parts like the motherboard, CPU, RAM, and housing for components.

Chapter 1: Computer Software

What is Computer Software?

• Definition: Provides commands and instructions for the computer.

• Categories:

  • System Software: Manages hardware and provides a platform for application software.

  • Application Software: User-specific software performing direct user functions.

System Software

Features of System Software

• Characteristics: High speed, difficult to manipulate, developed in low-level languages, versatile.

Types of System Software

• Operating Systems: Fundamental software enabling application operation (e.g., Windows, Linux).

• Device Drivers: Facilitate communication between the OS and hardware.

• Utility Programs: Assist in maintaining system performance (e.g., virus scanning, file compression).

• Firmware: Low-level software providing control for hardware devices (e.g., BIOS).

Chapter 1: Application Software

Overview of Application Software

• Definition: Software packages performing specific tasks for the end-user;

• Interaction: Users must install them based on their needs; they require system software to operate.

Most Frequently Used Application Software

1. Office Software: Microsoft Office Suite (Word, Excel, PowerPoint, etc.)

2. Internet Browsers: Google Chrome, Safari, Firefox.

3. Graphic Tools: Canva, Adobe Creative Suite.

4. Communication Tools: Zoom, Skype, Google Meet.

5. Streaming Services: Media Players, Spotify, Netflix.

6. Social Media: Facebook, Instagram, TikTok.

Chapter 1: Computer Algorithms

Overview of Algorithms

• Definition: A sequence of steps to complete specific tasks or solve problems; foundational in programming.

• Characteristics: Step-by-step, defined order for instructions.

Characteristics of Algorithms

• Unambiguity: Clear instructions leading to one conclusion.

• Finiteness: Limited set of instructions.

• Effectiveness: Produces desired outputs.

• Language Independence: Usable in different programming languages yet yielding similar results.

Types of Algorithms

• Sorting Algorithms: (e.g., Bubble Sort)

• Searching Algorithms: (e.g., Linear search)

• Graph Algorithms: Solving real-world problems like routing.

Application of Algorithms

• Medicine: DNA sequencing and variant analysis.

• E-Commerce: Securing transactions and personal information.

• Manufacturing: Efficient resource allocation.

Summary

• Computers manipulate data, relying on hardware and software.

• Understanding input and output devices, system units, and software categories is crucial.

• Algorithms are essential for functionality and efficiency in computing tasks.