recap
carolus linnaeus came up with a classification system
how do scientist classify organisms on?
their cell structure
how they get food
how they reproduce
what is the building block of all plants?
plants cells
what is the 6 kindgdoms of life?
animal
plant
fungi
protist
eubacteria
archae bacteris
look up all definitions of them
what is the taxonamy pyramid in order?
kingdom
phylum
class
order
family
genus
species
how is the taxonomy pyramid grouped?
size, shape, diet, habitat, babies
taxonamy is the?
Science of naming, describing, and classifying organisms. (including plants animals and microorganisms)
what is classification?
the grouping or organisms by characteristics and similar traits
what characteristics do the animal kingdom have?
many celled,
feed on living or once living
what characteristics do the plant kingdom have?
many celled
make their own food
what characteristics do the fungi kingdom have?
most are many celled
absorb food from other living things or dead things
what characteristics do the protists kingdom have?
most are called one celled
make own food, feed on living, or once living
what characteristics do the monerans kingdom have?
one celled
no cell nucleus
some make food
some feed on living or onced living
monerans example(s) are
bacteria
protists example(s) are
algae, amoebas euglena, paramecium
fungi example(s) are
mushrooms,yeasts, molds
plants example(s) are
trees, flowers, grasses, ferns, mosses
animals example(s) are
monkey, humans, birds, frogs, fish, spiders
why are plants important?
Most living things gain energy directly or indirecttly from plants.
Plants can serve as a source of?
food and they also help make earths climate stable.
Vascular plants
they have plant cells that form tubes that carry water and nutrients throughout the plants
Non-Vascular plants
they do not have tubes to carry materials
materials must slowly move from one cell to another therefore non vascular plants are small
cell- the smallest unit that can carry out activities of life
all cells must-
obtain nutrients and energy
remove waste products
grow
reproduce
most cells are too small to be seen with a microscope
unicellular- made of one cell
multicellular- made of many cells
cells were not discovered until the invention of the microscope
the first person to describe cells was robert hooke
cell theory:
all living things are made of cells
cells are the basic unit of living things
all cells come from existing cells
living things are organized in the way they are made
cells - tissues - organs - organ system
organelle- structuresd that enable the cell to live, grow and reproduce
prokaryotic cell
no membrane covered nucleus
no membrane covered organelles
circular dnaa
are bacteria
eukaryotic cells
have a nucleus
membrane covered organelles
linear dna
are all other cells
cell membrane
outer layer of the cell
"gate into the city"
allows nutrients into the cekk and wastes outside of the cell
protects the cell
contreol incoming and outgoing substances
maintains concentrations of various substances
selectively permable- allows some molcules in, others are kept out
all maintains homeostatsis (internal balance)
cytoplasm
a jelly-like fluid
contained in the cell that holds the organelles
nucleus
the control center of cell
contains the cells DNA
"mayors office"
mitochondria
power center of cell
provides the neergy the cell needs to move, divide, ect
"electric company of the cell"
ribosomes
site where proteins are made
cell parts are made of proteins
"factories of the cell"
endoplasm reticulcum
transportations system of the cell
rough e r - ribosomes attached
smooth er- no ribosomes attached
"roadways of the cell"
lysosomes
digest food, particles, and cell parts
"garbage men"
other job
protects cell by digesting foregin invaders
"police men"
vacuole
stores water, food, and waste
vacuole is a larger organelle in plannt cell
cell wall
found in plant cells
protects and supports the cell
cloroplasts
found only in plant cells
contains clorophyll (makes plants green)
where photosynthesis takes place
Organelles found in both cells
mitochondeion
nucleus
endoplasmic reticulum
cell membrane
ribosomes
vacuoles
golgi aparatus
found in plant cells
cloroplasts
cell wall
animal cells
Lysosomes (only found in animal cells)
Equilibrium- the number of molecules is equal inside and outside the cell
Passive transport
does not require energy for the movement of molecules of high concentration to low concentration
active transport
requires energy for the movement of molecules
cell membrane
protects the cell
contreol incoming and outgoing substances
maintains concentrations of various substances
selectively permable- allows some molcules in, others are kept out
all maintains homeostatsis (internal balance)'
homeostasis- internal balance
a cell will divide into 2 identical copies of itself
as new cells form, multicellular organisms grow larger
cell division replaces old damage cells with new cells
cell division begins with
mitosis, the process in which the cell nucleus divides
Usually, DNA cannot be seen in a cell, but during mitosis, it coils from chromosomes
DNA- a material that stores coded info about how the cell will grow and reproduce
The cell is at its largest before it begins the process of
mitosis and divides
When we are younger we contain less amount of cells. This is due to the fact that the cells are not at their largest and have no need to divide because they have no cells to replace old/ damaged cells
Heredity- the passing of traits from parents to offspring
Traits- the observable characteristics or qualities on individual carries
aquired traits- what individuals develope life time and arent inherited from their parents
Variations of traits can be generic or environmental
inherited traits- passed down traits from parent to offspring and can be physical or behavioral
alleles- a different form of a gene or trait, there is one copy (allele) from mom and one copu (allele) from dad
DNA- the material that carries all the info about how a living thing looks and functions
Inherited traits come from our genes, which are made up of DNA
for every gene you have 2 of the same allele
or you can have 2 different alleles
a recessive allele will only produce a phenotype if there is no dominant allele present
in other words
you need 2 copies of the recessive allele in order to have the trait that it codes for recessive alleles are symbolized by lowercase letters
dominant allele + dominant allele= dominant phenotype =homozygous (HH)
dominant allele + recessive allele = dominant phenotype = heterozygous (Hh)
female sex cell- egg cells
male sex cell - sperm cells
zygot-- when the egg and the sperm cells combine, to make a new cell, this is called the zygote
fertilization - when the sperm meets the egg to form the zygote
similarities in prokaryotic and eukaryotic is that they both have cytoplasm and nucleus
habitat - natural live place for an animal
biotic - living organism
biotic- nonliving
organism- an individual thing plant, animal, or a single cell life form
individual- a single organism in an environment
population- several individuals in an environment
community- all the populations of organisms living together in an environment
niche- the role each population has its habitat
individuals of the same species make up a population
populations of a different organisms live together in a community
biome- a community of plants and animals that have common characteristics for the environment they exist in. They can be found over a range in continents. Different than a habitat because biomes are very very large.
Major biomes: Tundra, Taiga, Temperate/Decidous forest, Grassland, Desert, Rain Forest, Freshwater Biome, Marine/Saltwater Biome
Tundra- contains perma forest: permanently frozen soil. Located at the top of the Earth. Very little percipitation. Tundra means treeless. Plants and animals here have adapted to survive harsh weather.
Taiga-located below the Tundra. Life here is a little easier than the permanently frozen Tundra. The Taiga gets more sunlight than the Tundra.
Animals in Taiga- Bears, Wolvarines, foxes, squirrelles, and mooses
Plants in the Taiga- pine, oak, maple, and elm trees
Very cold here (Taiga), but living conditions are much better for plants and animals than the Tundra.
Located just below the Tundra (Taiga). Northern Russia, Canada, Alaska
We live in the Temperate/ Decidous forest.
Temperate Forest- most forest here in North America L\leaves fall in Autumn.
Ex: Plants and animals- include flowers, moss, fems, bears, rabbits, birds
Rain forest- Earths oldest biome. Located near the equator. Massive amounts of rain, plants and animals.
Rainforests have amazing and diverse populations of plants and animals. Rainforests are essential to life on earth. The rainforest provides food, medicine, and oxygen to the Earth.
Desert- very dry climate. Most deserts are hot during the day but can drop to very cold temps at night
Very little rain, plants, and animals have adapted to survive. Deserts cover 20 % of the Earth.
Grasslands- large open places filled with grass
ex: plants and animals include buffalo's, owl's, bird's, and tall grasses
Oxygen can move in and out of the cell membrane by the process of diffusion.
Many of earths resources pas sthrough ecosystems in a continous cycle
Important materials that organisms include nitrogen, water, carbon, oxygen
If theese materials were not recycled, theese resources would run out and organisms would die out.
Nitrogen:
Nitrogen is one of the most important resources for all living things
Plants get nitrogen from bacteria
Animals get nitrogen by eating plants or prey that have eaten plants
fixed nitrogen- combined w other elements, most organisms can us nitrogen that is fixed, organisms need to survive
free nitrogen- fixed by bacteria that live in the soil
The Nitrogen cycle
Free nitrogen is fixed by bacteria in the soil
Decomposers break down dead organisms and fixed nitrogen is released into the soil
animals get nitrogen by eating plants or other animals that eat plants
bacteria in the soil can break down fixed nitrogen into free nitrogen which enter the air again