ORAC
Upper motor neurons involved in the control of axial muscles would most likely project to the spinal cord in which pattern?
Question 1Select one:
1.
Lateral gray matter over many spinal segments
2.
Lateral gray matter over just a few spinal segments
3.
Medial gray matter over many spinal segments
correct!
4.
Medial gray matter over just a few spinal segments
5.
Equal proportions to both lateral and medial gray matter
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Textbook Reference: Organization of Descending Motor Control
The correct answer is: Medial gray matter over many spinal segments
Question 2
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Which statement about directional tuning and population coding by primary motor cortical neurons is true?
Question 2Select one:
1.
The precision of directional motor movements equals the precision of directional tuning of individual primary motor cortical pyramidal cells.
2.
Most primary motor cortical neurons have two or three distinct, preferred directions separated by intervening ranges of non-preferred directions.
3.
The vector summation of population responses of primary motor cortical neurons is important for directional control of motor movements.
correct!
4.
Every possible direction of motion is made possible by specific populations of primary motor cortical neurons that are tuned specifically to each of the possible directions.
5.
Primary motor cortical neurons do not code direction.
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Textbook Reference: Functional Organization of the Primary Motor Cortex
The correct answer is: The vector summation of population responses of primary motor cortical neurons is important for directional control of motor movements.
Question 3
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Which statement about "mirror" motor neurons is false?
Question 3Select one:
1.
They are found in the ventrolateral portion of premotor cortex.
2.
They fire in response to a specific motor act, irrespective of there being a behavioral goal associated with the act.
3.
They fire in response to observation of a particular motor act being performed by others.
4.
They fire most strongly in response to an observed motor act that corresponds to the act that would activate the neuron during self-initiated movements.
5.
They encode the intention to make a particular motor act.
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Textbook Reference: The Premotor Cortex
The correct answer is: They fire in response to a specific motor act, irrespective of there being a behavioral goal associated with the act.
Question 4
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The rubrospinal pathway
Question 4Select one:
1.
receives direct visual inputs.
2.
projects from the superior colliculus (or optic tectum) to the spinal cord.
3.
is the main pathway by which vestibular information is conveyed to the spinal cord.
4.
controls all head and eye movements.
5.
might not exist in humans.
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Textbook Reference: Motor Control Centers in the Brainstem: Upper Motor Neurons That Maintain Balance, Govern Posture, Initiate Locomotion, and Orient Gaze
The correct answer is: might not exist in humans.
Question 5
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In an anticipatory postural response of a standing person about to tug on a handle, the early response of leg muscles (such as the gastrocnemius) that precedes the actual tug is an example of
Question 5Select one:
1.
feedforward motor control.
correct!
2.
feedback motor control.
3.
equilibrium-point motor control.
4.
a "winner take all" motor coding strategy.
5.
sparse population coding.
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Textbook Reference: Motor Control Centers in the Brainstem: Upper Motor Neurons That Maintain Balance, Govern Posture, Initiate Locomotion, and Orient Gaze
The correct answer is: feedforward motor control.
Question 6
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The "indirect pathway" from cortex to spinal cord does not play a role in
Question 6Select one:
1.
feed-forward postural adjustments.
2.
weight shifts, as when a cat lifts one paw.
3.
certain motor functions that are spared after damage to the direct corticospinal pathway.
4.
post-injury recovery of fine motor functions such as using two fingers to pick up food.
5.
relaying information from cortex to spinal cord via the reticulospinal neurons.
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Textbook Reference: Motor Control Centers in the Brainstem: Upper Motor Neurons That Maintain Balance, Govern Posture, Initiate Locomotion, and Orient Gaze
The correct answer is: post-injury recovery of fine motor functions such as using two fingers to pick up food.
Question 7
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Which is not a function of the reticular formation?
Question 7Select one:
1.
Modulation of cortical functions via serotonergic, noradrenergic, and cholinergic transmitter systems
2.
Modulation of cortico-striatal interactions
3.
Descending modulation of spinal reflexes
4.
Coordination of gaze centers and branchiomotor functions
5.
Transmission of spinal nociceptive and tactile sensory signals to the cerebellum
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Textbook Reference: Box 17C: The Reticular Formation
The correct answer is: Transmission of spinal nociceptive and tactile sensory signals to the cerebellum
Question 8
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Which statement about the reticular activating system is true?
Question 8Select one:
1.
Its only essential role is the multimodal integration of sensory information.
2.
It plays a direct role in the activation of all somatic motor neurons.
3.
It plays a direct role in the activation of all visceral motor neurons.
4.
It supports transitions between sleep and wakefulness.
correct!
5.
It plays a direct role in the suppression of all somatic motor neurons.
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Textbook Reference: Box 17C: The Reticular Formation
The correct answer is: It supports transitions between sleep and wakefulness.
Question 9
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The acute phase of upper motor neuron syndrome is characterized by
Question 9Select one:
1.
the passive dropping of an affected limb that has been elevated and then released.
correct!
2.
the tendency of an affected limb to remain in any position in which it has been placed.
3.
an infant-like Babinski response.
4.
spasticity.
5.
random waves of muscle contraction that propagate throughout the affected limb and body parts.
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Textbook Reference: Damage to Descending Motor Pathways: The Upper Motor Neuron Syndrome
The correct answer is: the passive dropping of an affected limb that has been elevated and then released.
Question 10
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Which statement about the Babinski sign (or reflex) is false?
Question 10Select one:
1.
It involves the corticospinal tract.
2.
The reflex changes between infancy and later development.
3.
It is considered an upper motor neuron deficit.
4.
It concerns normal versus abnormal flexion of the fingers.
correct!
5.
It can be affected by stroke, trauma, and other neurological problems.
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Textbook Reference: Damage to Descending Motor Pathways: The Upper Motor Neuron Syndrome
The correct answer is: It concerns normal versus abnormal flexion of the fingers.
Question 11
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A patient is diagnosed with a tumor located in the right internal capsule. Which motor dysfunction would you expect to see in this patient?
Question 11Select one:
1.
Left side paralysis (or severe weakness) of the lower face
correct!
2.
Right side paralysis (or severe weakness) of the lower face
3.
Left side paralysis (or severe weakness) of the full face
4.
Right side paralysis (or severe weakness) of the full face
5.
Left side paralysis (or severe weakness) of the upper face
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Textbook Reference: Damage to Descending Motor Pathways: The Upper Motor Neuron Syndrome
The correct answer is: Left side paralysis (or severe weakness) of the lower face
Question 12
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Cortical areas that plan and initiate motor sequences
Question 12Select one:
1.
all fall within the primary motor cortex.
2.
comprise five functionally distinct and anatomically isolated regions.
3.
comprise several functionally distinct but highly interconnected regions.
correct!
4.
all receive direct inputs from the basal ganglia.
5.
all show a high threshold for the elicitation of motor behaviors.
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Textbook Reference: The Corticospinal and Corticobulbar Tracts
The correct answer is: comprise several functionally distinct but highly interconnected regions.
Question 13
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Although the phenomenon is not well understood, the increased muscle tone and spasticity that develop after an upper motor neuron injury appears to be due, at least in part, to
Question 13Select one:
1.
increased responsiveness of motor neurons to Ia afferent inputs.
correct!
2.
decreased responsiveness of motor neurons to Ia afferent inputs.
3.
pooling of GABA in the spinal gray matter.
4.
pooling of glutamate in the spinal gray matter.
5.
increased activity of undamaged descending upper motor neurons.
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Textbook Reference: Box 17D: Muscle Tone
The correct answer is: increased responsiveness of motor neurons to Ia afferent inputs.
Question 14
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Corticospinal axons mostly
Question 14Select one:
1.
send ipsilateral axons into the lateral corticospinal tract.
2.
send contralateral axons into the ventral (anterior) corticospinal tract.
3.
synapse onto spinal Îą motor neurons.
4.
synapse onto spinal local circuit neurons.
5.
synapse onto spinal Îł motor neurons.
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Textbook Reference: The Corticospinal and Corticobulbar Tracts
The correct answer is: synapse onto spinal local circuit neurons.
Question 15
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Refer to the figure.
A patient is having difficulty sitting and standing without support. If you know this is due to a spinal cord injury, in which location would you expect the damage to be?
Question 15Select one:
1.
A
2.
B
3.
C
4.
D
correct!
5.
E
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Textbook Reference: The Corticospinal and Corticobulbar Tracts
The correct answer is: D
Question 16
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Which method helped scientists correct a long-standing misconception about the neurological origins of facial weakness deficits seen in humans?
Question 16Select one:
1.
fMRI, or functional magnetic resonance imaging
2.
Anatomical tract-tracing in primates
3.
High-resolution EEG
4.
Optical imaging of neuronal activation patterns in the cortex
5.
PET scans
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Textbook Reference: Clinical Applications: Patterns of Facial Weakness and Their Importance for Localizing Neurological Injury
The correct answer is: Anatomical tract-tracing in primates
Question 17
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A "muscle field"
Question 17Select one:
1.
includes all of the muscles that are co-activated during any given behavior.
2.
includes all of the upper motor neurons that innervate a particular lower motor neuron.
3.
is the group of muscles whose activity is directly facilitated by a given upper motor neuron.
4.
is the force vector produced by stimulating an individual upper motor neuron.
5.
is the force vector produced by stimulating a small field of cortical premotor neurons.
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Textbook Reference: Functional Organization of the Primary Motor Cortex
The correct answer is: is the group of muscles whose activity is directly facilitated by a given upper motor neuron.
Question 18
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Which statement about primary motor cortex neurons is false?
Question 18Select one:
1.
The firing of primary motor cortical neurons occurs precisely at the onset of a muscle contraction.
2.
Primary motor cortical neurons can be directionally selective.
3.
The firing rate of a primary motor cortical neuron codes for or contributes to the force of a movement.
4.
The directional control of a movement is coded by the activity of a population of primary motor cortical neurons.
5.
The directional responses of primary motor cortical pyramidal cells tend to be broadly tuned in that they respond over a somewhat broad range of movement directions.
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Textbook Reference: Functional Organization of the Primary Motor Cortex
The correct answer is: The firing of primary motor cortical neurons occurs precisely at the onset of a muscle contraction.
Question 19
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When Graziano and colleagues extended cortical microstimulation in monkeys to time epochs approximating those of natural movements, they observed
Question 19Select one:
1.
seizure-like contractions of a small group of muscles.
2.
repetitive movements of a limb or trunk muscle.
3.
sequential movements that were disrupted by "interfering" movements.
4.
purposeful movements distributed sequentially across multiple joints.
correct!
5.
increasingly strong movements eventually leading to spasticity.
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Textbook Reference: Functional Organization of the Primary Motor Cortex
The correct answer is: purposeful movements distributed sequentially across multiple joints.
Question 20
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"Spike-triggered averaging"
Question 20Select one:
1.
refers to the generation of "average" motor behaviors by individual spikes.
2.
can be done only on awake, behaving monkeys.
3.
requires use of the patch-clamp technique to resolve spikes associated with single ion channels.
4.
is a means of correlating upper motor neuron activity with muscle activation.
correct!
5.
is used to determine the exact number of motor neurons contributing to each electromyogram (EMG) signal.
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Textbook Reference: Functional Organization of the Primary Motor Cortex
The correct answer is: is a means of correlating upper motor neuron activity with muscle activation.
When visually examining an object such as a painting of a face, a person will usually
Question 1Select one:
1.
focus on just one point on the painting to obtain a sense of the gestalt.
2.
raster scan their eyes across the painting, much like a television camera.
3.
make many rapid eye movements in different directions, acquiring the most information during the times when the eye is moving across the object.
4.
make many rapid eye movements, in different directions, acquiring information primarily during brief pauses at different locations on the object.
correct!
5.
make eye movements that trace along different contours of the object, until the entire object is perceived.
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Textbook Reference: What Eye Movements Accomplish
The correct answer is: make many rapid eye movements, in different directions, acquiring information primarily during brief pauses at different locations on the object.
Question 2
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Refer to the figure.
A patient recovering from a car accident discovers that she can no longer voluntarily direct her gaze away from a stimulus in her visual field (she cannot perform an anti-saccade). The patient most likely has sustained damage in which location shown in the figure?
Question 2Select one:
1.
A
2.
B
3.
C
4.
D
5.
E
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Textbook Reference: Neural Control of Saccadic Eye Movements
The correct answer is: B
Question 3
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Which statement about the directional control of saccadic eye movements is true?
Question 3Select one:
1.
Several distant sites within the superior colliculus must be co-activated to produce eye movements in certain directions.
2.
Stimulation of particular upper motor neurons in the superior colliculus always produces a movement to the same point in visuotopic space.
3.
Stimulation of particular upper motor neurons in the superior colliculus always produces a movement of the same magnitude and direction.
correct!
4.
Retinal afferents from each visuotopic location project to all regions of the superior colliculus so that each region can be foveated from any starting eye position.
5.
Saccades to an oblique direction are produced by staircase-like eye movements.
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Textbook Reference: Neural Control of Saccadic Eye Movements
The correct answer is: Stimulation of particular upper motor neurons in the superior colliculus always produces a movement of the same magnitude and direction.
Question 4
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Which statement about the motor functions of the superior colliculus (SC) is false?
Question 4Select one:
1.
In the SC, location in visual space is mapped in register with an auditory map.
2.
The SC helps to coordinate eye and head movements.
3.
Neurons in a particular part of the SC are activated by stimuli in a specific region of visual space.
4.
The SC assists in the transformation of sensory signals into motor commands.
5.
The uppermost layer of the SC is a somatotopic map that enables us to look at different locations on our body.
correct!
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Textbook Reference: Neural Control of Saccadic Eye Movements
The correct answer is: The uppermost layer of the SC is a somatotopic map that enables us to look at different locations on our body.
Question 5
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Lesions of the left frontal eye field result in
Question 5Select one:
1.
persistent, debilitating eye movements to the left.
2.
persistent, debilitating eye movements to the right.
3.
transient deviation of the eye to the left, plus a transient contralateral saccade deficit.
4.
transient deviation of the eye to the right, plus a transient contralateral saccade deficit.
5.
virtually no detectable deficit in any eye movements.
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Textbook Reference: Neural Control of Saccadic Eye Movements
The correct answer is: transient deviation of the eye to the left, plus a transient contralateral saccade deficit.
Question 6
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A patient is experiencing double vision. A medical exam reveals that she can successfully gaze to the left (without head movement), but when asked to gaze forward or to the right, only the right eye moves as directed. Where is the doctor most likely to find neurological damage in this patient?
Question 6Select one:
1.
In the left oculomotor nerve
2.
In the right oculomotor nerve
3.
In the left abducens nerve
4.
In the right abducens nerve
5.
In the right trochlear nerve
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Textbook Reference: Clinical Applications: Eye Movements and Neurological Injury, Disease, and Disorder
The correct answer is: In the left oculomotor nerve
Question 7
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During a medical exam, a patient presents with eye movement task dysfunctions. Specifically, smooth pursuit movements are jerky, with more errors and irregularities than average. During a free-viewing test, visual sampling of a scene is less robust than average, viewing only a small portion of the image. Finally, the patient has difficulty remaining fixated on a target object. What disorder might these test results indicate?
Question 7Select one:
1.
Alzheimer's disease
2.
Schizophrenia
correct!
3.
Parkinson's disease
4.
Huntington's disease
5.
Myasthenia gravis
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Textbook Reference: Clinical Applications: Eye Movements and Neurological Injury, Disease, and Disorder
The correct answer is: Schizophrenia
Question 8
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Which statement about sensorimotor integration in the superior colliculus (SC) is false?
Question 8Select one:
1.
Retinal activity always causes activation of cells in the upper layers of the SC.
2.
The activation of neurons in the upper layers of the SC results in offset activation of lower-SC layers, producing a checkerboard pattern of upper-to-lower layer signaling.
3.
Activity in the superficial, visual layer of the SC is not necessary for a saccade to occur.
4.
Activity in the superficial, visual layer of the SC is not sufficient for a saccade to occur.
5.
Saccades can occur in the dark.
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Textbook Reference: Box 20B: Sensorimotor Integration in the Superior Colliculus
The correct answer is: The activation of neurons in the upper layers of the SC results in offset activation of lower-SC layers, producing a checkerboard pattern of upper-to-lower layer signaling.
Question 9
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Which statement about the transformation from retinotopic coordinates to oculomotor commands is true?
Question 9Select one:
1.
Eye movements are determined solely by the specific oculomotor neurons that are activated.
2.
Eye movements are determined solely by the total number of activated oculomotor neurons.
3.
Eye movements are determined by the particular oculomotor neurons that are active and their firing rates.
4.
Oculomotor neurons fire in rhythmic bursts until the correct eye position is obtained.
5.
Oculomotor neurons have a high basal firing rate, and movement is based on inhibition of the neurons.
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Textbook Reference: Box 20C: From Place Codes to Rate Codes
The correct answer is: Eye movements are determined by the particular oculomotor neurons that are active and their firing rates.
Question 10
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Which structure is not involved in the generation of smooth pursuit eye movements?
Question 10Select one:
1.
The superior colliculus
2.
The PPRF
3.
The frontal eye fields
4.
Area MT
5.
All of the structures above are involved in the generation of smooth pursuit eye movements.
correct!
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Textbook Reference: Neural Control of Smooth Pursuit Movements
The correct answer is: All of the structures above are involved in the generation of smooth pursuit eye movements.
Question 11
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Which brain region(s) is(are) thought to be most important for vergence eye movements?
Question 11Select one:
1.
Frontal eye fields
2.
Ventral visual stream in the temporal lobe
3.
Extrastriate occipital regions
4.
Superior colliculus
5.
Medial and lateral vestibular nuclei
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Textbook Reference: Neural Control of Vergence Movements
The correct answer is: Extrastriate occipital regions
Question 12
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A patient is having trouble abducting their left eye (moving the eye in a direction away from the nose). What nervous system damage would you expect to find from diagnostic tests?
Question 12Select one:
1.
Damage to the left cranial nerve III
2.
Damage to the left cranial nerve IV
3.
Damage to the left cranial nerve VI
correct!
4.
Damage to the right cranial nerve IV
5.
Damage to the right cranial nerve VI
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Textbook Reference: Actions and Innervation of Extraocular Muscles
The correct answer is: Damage to the left cranial nerve VI
Question 13
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Vergence eye movements
Question 13Select one:
1.
depend on binocular disparity measurements made in neocortex.
2.
are performed in conjunction with saccadic eye movements.
3.
depend on vergence centers in the midbrain.
4.
are driven by bursts of action potentials that drive either converging or diverging movements.
5.
All of the above
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Textbook Reference: Neural Control of Vergence Movements
The correct answer is: All of the above
Question 14
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Which nucleus innervates the superior oblique muscle?
Question 14Select one:
1.
Trochlear nucleus
2.
Abducens nucleus
3.
Oculomotor nucleus
4.
Lateral vestibular nucleus
5.
Medial vestibular nucleus
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Textbook Reference: Actions and Innervation of Extraocular Muscles
The correct answer is: Trochlear nucleus
Question 15
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A patient complains of inability to move his right eye toward his nose and a drooping right eyelid. What other symptom would you expect to find upon examination?
Question 15Select one:
1.
Pupillary constriction in right eye
2.
Pupillary dilation in right eye
3.
Pupillary constriction in left eye
4.
Inability to perform anti-saccade in left eye
5.
Difficulty moving right eye away from nose
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Textbook Reference: Actions and Innervation of Extraocular Muscles
The correct answer is: Pupillary dilation in right eye
Question 16
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Which statement about stabilized retinal images is false?
Question 16Select one:
1.
The fading of retinal images serves mainly to protect neurons in LGN and area 17 from photodamage.
correct!
2.
More than 150 years ago, Purkinje showed that shadows of retinal blood vessels can be visualized with a light pressed against a closed eyelid.
3.
Images of retinal blood vessels (or their shadows) disappear in a fraction of second when a light source is stabilized.
4.
Retinal adaptation is thought to contribute to the stabilized image phenomenon.
5.
Interocular transfer of the stabilized image effect indicates at least some role for central processing.
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Textbook Reference: Box 20A: The Perception of Stabilized Retinal Images
The correct answer is: The fading of retinal images serves mainly to protect neurons in LGN and area 17 from photodamage.
Question 17
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Which of the following is not one of the five basic types of eye movements?
Question 17Select one:
1.
Saccades
2.
Vergence
3.
Ptosis
correct!
4.
Optokinetic
5.
Vestibulo-ocular
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Textbook Reference: Types of Eye Movements and Their Functions
The correct answer is: Ptosis
Question 18
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Refer to the figure. What type of eye movement occurs after 0.5 seconds?
Question 18Select one:
1.
Smooth pursuit
correct!
2.
Optokinetic
3.
Saccades
4.
Vergence
5.
Vestibulo-ocular
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Textbook Reference: Types of Eye Movements and Their Functions
The correct answer is: Smooth pursuit
Question 19
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When shaking one's head back and forth while looking straight ahead at a stationary object, the mechanism that maintains the focal image at a roughly constant location on the retina is called
Question 19Select one:
1.
retinal stabilization.
2.
the vestibulo-ocular reflex.
3.
the oculomotor reflex.
4.
smooth pursuit.
5.
the optokinetic reflex.
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Textbook Reference: Types of Eye Movements and Their Functions
The correct answer is: the vestibulo-ocular reflex.
Question 20
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You are watching a movie and having a snack when you accidently drop some of your food, causing you to avert your gaze from the television across the room to your lap. What is one visual response that will occur?
Question 20Select one:
1.
Conjugate eye movements
2.
Accommodation of the lens
correct!
3.
Divergence of the eyes
4.
Vestibulo-ocular movements
5.
Ptosis
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Textbook Reference: Types of Eye Movements and Their Functions
The correct answer is: Accommodation of the lens
The part of cerebral cortex that is especially important for selecting and planning appropriate behavioral responses is the _______ lobe.
Question 1Select one:
1.
occipital
2.
parietal
3.
temporal
4.
frontal
correct!
5.
cognitive
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Textbook Reference: Overview
The correct answer is: frontal
Question 2
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Which symptom would you expect an individual with a right parietal lobe lesion to exhibit?
Question 2Select one:
1.
Deficit in attention to the right side of the body or space
2.
The perception of two sensory systems together (e.g., seeing colors when hearing music)
3.
Deficit in recognizing faces
4.
Deficit in attention to the left side of the body or space
correct!
5.
Diminished success during Wisconsin card sorting task
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Textbook Reference: The Parietal Association Cortex
The correct answer is: Deficit in attention to the left side of the body or space
Question 3
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Which figure best illustrates the control of attention by the two hemispheres?
Question 3Select one:
1.
A
2.
B
3.
C
4.
D
correct!
5.
E
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Textbook Reference: The Parietal Association Cortex
The correct answer is: D
Question 4
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Studies of neuronal responses in the temporal cortex of the rhesus monkey have revealed
Question 4Select one:
1.
individual cells that are tuned to a specific object only.
2.
individual cells that fire in response to one specific familiar face.
3.
norm-based tuning and population coding of objects.
4.
tonic firing for a variety of related objects of various sizes, colors, and orientations.
5.
activation of cells based on subjective preference for an object.
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Textbook Reference: The Temporal Association Cortex
The correct answer is: norm-based tuning and population coding of objects.
Question 5
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Which symptoms would you expect a patient with a right temporal lobe lesion to exhibit?
Question 5Select one:
1.
Deficit in attention to the left side of the body or space
2.
Deficit in recognizing faces
correct!
3.
Deficit in attention to the right side of the body or space
4.
The perception of two sensory systems together (e.g., seeing colors when hearing music)
5.
Diminished or abolished success during the delayed response task
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Textbook Reference: The Temporal Association Cortex
The correct answer is: Deficit in recognizing faces
Question 6
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A teacher at a local school feels frustrated whenever the seasons change because her students begin wearing different shoes to school. This troubles her because she usually identifies her students by their footwear, and without that clue, she must wait for each student to talk before she knows who they are. Considering her symptoms, where would you expect to find damage in her nervous system?
Question 6Select one:
1.
Right lateral surface of the temporal lobe
2.
Right posterior parietal cortex
3.
Left ventromedial prefrontal cortex
4.
Bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
5.
Right fusiform gyrus
correct!
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Textbook Reference: The Temporal Association Cortex
The correct answer is: Right fusiform gyrus
Question 7
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The _______ association cortex is involved in recognizing objects, while the _______ association cortex is involved in deciding what to do with the object.
Question 7Select one:
1.
temporal; frontal
2.
frontal; parietal
3.
parietal; temporal
4.
temporal; parietal
5.
frontal; temporal
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Textbook Reference: The Temporal Association Cortex
The correct answer is: temporal; frontal
Question 8
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In terms of brain anatomy, the largest lobes in humans are the _______ lobes.
Question 8Select one:
1.
frontal
correct!
2.
occipital
3.
temporal
4.
parietal
5.
All lobes are roughly equivalent in size.
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Textbook Reference: The Frontal Association Cortex
The correct answer is: frontal
Question 9
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The delayed response task has been used to examine
Question 9Select one:
1.
neuronal activity near the central sulcus during a response delay period.
2.
long-term memory ability.
3.
performance impairments in monkeys with bilateral prefrontal lesions.
4.
impulse control in humans.
5.
reward preference in monkeys.
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Textbook Reference: The Frontal Association Cortex
The correct answer is: performance impairments in monkeys with bilateral prefrontal lesions.
Question 10
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What symptom would you expect bilateral lesions to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex to produce in a monkey?
Question 10Select one:
1.
Delayed or abolished success during the delayed response task
correct!
2.
Inability to recognize faces
3.
Deficit in attention to the body
4.
The perception of two sensory systems together (e.g., seeing colors when hearing music)
5.
Deficit in attention paid to extrapersonal space
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Textbook Reference: The Frontal Association Cortex
The correct answer is: Delayed or abolished success during the delayed response task
Question 11
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Neuropsychological testing
Question 11Select one:
1.
has been used only in animal studies.
2.
allows for the systematic study of frontal lobe functions in humans.
correct!
3.
is no longer used as a method for examining brain functions.
4.
predominantly involves tests of personality.
5.
can readily identify individuals with criminal intent.
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Textbook Reference: Box 27C: Neuropsychological Testing
The correct answer is: allows for the systematic study of frontal lobe functions in humans.
Question 12
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Korbinian Brodmann was known for his
Question 12Select one:
1.
neurophysiological studies of neocortical pyramidal cells.
2.
generation of cytoarchitectonic maps of the brain.
3.
pioneering work in visual-spatial neglect syndrome.
4.
surgical technique for leukotomies.
5.
behavioral studies on the functions of the frontal lobes in monkeys.
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Textbook Reference: A Primer on Cortical Structure
The correct answer is: generation of cytoarchitectonic maps of the brain.
Question 13
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The leukotomy was used in the 1930s and 1940s predominantly as a(n)
Question 13Select one:
1.
alternative treatment to the psychotropic medications available at the time.
2.
experimental technique for studying brain function in rats.
3.
treatment for schizophrenia and other mental illnesses.
correct!
4.
procedure for enhancing the intelligence of developmentally handicapped individuals.
5.
treatment for severe epilepsy.
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Textbook Reference: Clinical Applications: Psychosurgery
The correct answer is: treatment for schizophrenia and other mental illnesses.
Question 14
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If output from neocortical layer 6 is blocked, which structure would lose significant input?
Question 14Select one:
1.
Superior colliculus
2.
Striatum
3.
Brainstem modulatory systems
4.
Cerebellum
5.
Thalamus
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Textbook Reference: A Primer on Cortical Structure
The correct answer is: Thalamus
Question 15
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Which statement about the cellular structure of the cerebral cortex is true?
Question 15Select one:
1.
Neocortex, found in all four lobes, contains three to six cellular layers.
2.
The cytoarchitecture in the all association cortices appears histologically the same.
3.
The archicortex includes the hippocampus.
4.
The primitive paleocortex is found only in non-human primates.
5.
The functions of 6-layered cortex are demonstrably more efficient than those in 3-layered cortex.
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Textbook Reference: Box 27A: Cortical Lamination
The correct answer is: The archicortex includes the hippocampus.
Question 16
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If you could knock out a gene that is expressed only in stellate neurons, which neocortical layer would be most affected?
Question 16Select one:
1.
Layer 1
2.
Layer 2
3.
Layer 4
correct!
4.
Layer 5
5.
Layer 6
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Textbook Reference: Box 27A: Cortical Lamination
The correct answer is: Layer 4
Question 17
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Thalamic nuclei that are not involved in relaying primary motor or sensory input, but do have inputs to association cortices, are the _______ and _______ nuclei.
Question 17Select one:
1.
pulvinar; medial geniculate
2.
medial geniculate; lateral dorsal
3.
ventral posterior; lateral dorsal
4.
reticular; lateral geniculate
5.
pulvinar; medial dorsal
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Textbook Reference: Unique Features of the Association Cortices
The correct answer is: pulvinar; medial dorsal
Question 18
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Electrophysiological studies in non-human primates allow scientists to
Question 18Select one:
1.
examine the responses of single cortical neurons in awake, behaving subjects.
2.
knockout genes important to cognitive tasks in specific regions of interest.
3.
understand how the CNS processes information in the parietal lobe by testing identification capabilities.
4.
understand how the CNS processes information in the temporal lobe by testing planning capabilities.
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Textbook Reference: The Parietal Association Cortex
The correct answer is: examine the responses of single cortical neurons in awake, behaving subjects.
Question 19
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Information on the role of the parietal lobe in selective attention was obtained by
Question 19Select one:
1.
punishing monkeys for making mistakes.
2.
rewarding monkeys for making correct choices.
correct!
3.
training genetically-modified mice to recognize objects.
4.
training monkeys to associate arbitrary symbols with assorted objects.
5.
recording from neurons in unconscious monkeys.
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Textbook Reference: The Parietal Association Cortex
The correct answer is: rewarding monkeys for making correct choices.
Question 20
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Contralateral neglect syndrome arises from damage in which location?
Question 20Select one:
1.
Left posterior parietal cortex
2.
Right fusiform gyrus
3.
Left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
4.
Right posterior parietal cortex
correct!
5.
Bilateral ventromedial prefrontal cortex
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Textbook Reference: The Parietal Association Cortex
The correct answer is: Right posterior parietal cortex
Which statement about language is false?
Question 1Select one:
1.
Failure to develop language during childhood results in severe, lifelong linguistic deficits.
2.
Language depends on specialized areas of the temporal and frontal lobes.
3.
The left hemisphere usually plays a dominant role in semantic processing.
4.
The right hemisphere usually governs emotional or affective aspects of language.
5.
Cortical areas used in sign language are largely different from those used in spoken language.
Question 2
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Which statement about human handedness is false?
Question 2Select one:
1.
About 90 percent of humans are right-handed, independent of culture.
2.
Evidence indicates that our ancestors, into antiquity, were predominantly right-handed.
3.
Right-handed people tend to have significantly better language skills than left-handed people.
4.
Currently there are surprisingly few left-handers among the elderly.
5.
Handedness is usually assessed by asking individuals about their preferences.
Question 3
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Which statement about lateralization of brain functions is true?
Question 3Select one:
1.
Right-handers always show left-brain language dominance.
2.
Left-handers always show right-brain language dominance.
3.
There are no correlations between language and hand dominance.
4.
There is evidence that language and hand dominance originated from a single genetic mutation in our early hominid ancestors.
5.
The prevalence of dominance suggests that lateralization of function maximizes use of the available neural circuitry.
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The anatomical asymmetry of the planum temporale
Question 4Select one:
1.
explains the known correlations between language and handedness.
2.
is diminished in right-handers.
3.
is diminished in left-handers.
4.
shows a perfect correlation with language dominance.
5.
is detectable in about two-thirds of humans.
Question 5
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The method of clinically assessing language lateralization in humans by anesthetizing one hemisphere was devised by
Question 5Select one:
1.
Paul Broca.
2.
Carl Wernicke.
3.
Roger Sperry.
4.
John Wada.
5.
Norman Geschwind.
Question 6
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Wilder Penfield, in the course of epilepsy surgery, performed electrical stimulation of cortex for the main purpose of
Question 6Select one:
1.
avoiding damage to critical language brain structures during the surgery.
2.
eliciting patient verbalizations to ensure that they were not feeling pain.
3.
mapping language functions in areas that had not previously been studied.
4.
mapping language functions with greater precision than previously accomplished.
5.
testing success of the surgery.
Question 7
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Which statement about the localization of language functions in human neocortex is false?
Question 7Select one:
1.
Neurons have been found that respond preferentially to a single, specific word.
2.
Electrical stimulation at many different cortical locations interferes with language functions.
3.
The specific pattern of "effective stimulus locations" varies significantly from one person to the next.
4.
In bilingual people, words with the same meaning from two different languages may be stored in different cortical locations.
5.
PET imaging experiments have shown that large regions of the left hemisphere are active in word recognition and production.
Question 8
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According to current consensus, the most likely role of the right hemisphere in language is in the
Question 8Select one:
1.
lower-level analysis of sensory signals from which the meaning of language is extracted.
2.
programming of word sequences based on their semantic content.
3.
processing the emotional and tonal (prosodic) components of language.
4.
reading and writing of languages with spatially complex characters, such as Mandarin Chinese.
5.
communication of sign language.
Question 9
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Which statement about language in people who are deaf is false?
Question 9Select one:
1.
Lesions of Wernicke's and Broca's areas produce deficits analogous to those caused by these lesions in hearing people.
2.
Lesions of the right hemisphere affect the emotional tone of signing.
3.
People who are deaf show lateralization of function similar to that of hearing people.
4.
The offspring of deaf parents exhibit "babbling" in sign language that is analogous to the verbal babbling of children in hearing families.
5.
Studies of congenitally deaf individuals indicate that Broca's area is specific to spoken language, whereas a region in the anterior temporal lobe is specific for visual and signed communication.
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Healthy controls and patients with dyslexia are asked to read a paragraph while being scanned by fMRI. Where would you expect to see functional differences between the two groups during this task?
Question 10Select one:
1.
Left occipito-temporal sulcus
2.
Broca's area
3.
Wernicke's area
4.
Left orbitofrontal cortex
5.
Right temporal lobe
Question 11
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A seven-year-old boy is having trouble learning to read at school. He undergoes some cognitive tests and an fMRI scan. The scan shows decreased activity in the left occipito-temporal sulcus compared to other children his age. Which disorder do these results implicate?
Question 11Select one:
1.
Broca's aphasia
2.
Wernicke's aphasia
3.
Alexias
4.
Dyslexia
5.
Dysarthria
Question 12
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The most essential function of the core cortical language areas is
Question 12Select one:
1.
early processing of speech sounds.
2.
assembling sound sequences into word-length auditory percepts.
3.
generation of speech motor patterns.
4.
generation of gestures.
5.
symbolic representation.
Question 13
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Which statement about the language capacities of humans and non-humans is true?
Question 13Select one:
1.
Only humans have the ability to understand symbols and communicate information.
2.
Honeybees have the ability to learn many different symbols and to change their behavior in response to retraining.
3.
Chimps in captivity have learned hundreds of symbols and are able to use them in a manner comparable to the speech of adult humans.
4.
Chimps in the wild communicate by means of gestures, facial expressions, and the manipulation of objects.
5.
Primates use their left hemisphere to perceive affective tone in intraspecies communications.
Question 14
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The initial discovery that humans possess language-specific cortical areas was a result of
Question 14Select one:
1.
studies of patients with brain lesions.
2.
electrophysiological recording experiments.
3.
early X-ray brain imaging experiments.
4.
genetic analysis of precursor "language" areas in non-human primates.
5.
neuroanatomical tracing experiments.
Question 15
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As evidenced by the studies of Paul Broca, patients with damage to the ventroposterior region of the left frontal cortex
Question 15Select one:
1.
show diverse motor deficits along with speech generation deficits.
2.
show diverse sensory deficits along with receptive language deficits.
3.
are able to produce words but have difficulty understanding language.
4.
can understand language but cannot produce organized speech.
5.
lose the capacity to produce and understand specific categories of words (e.g., verbs).
Question 16
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As evidenced by the studies of Carl Wernicke, patients with damage to the left temporal lobe
Question 16Select one:
1.
show diverse motor deficits along with speech generation deficits.
2.
show diverse sensory deficits along with receptive language deficits.
3.
can produce words but have difficulty understanding language.
4.
can understand language but cannot produce organized speech.
5.
lose the capacity to produce and understand specific categories of words (e.g., verbs).
Question 17
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The structure that is important to the production of virtually all vocalizations is the
Question 17Select one:
1.
pharynx.
2.
larynx.
3.
tongue.
4.
nasal cavity.
5.
epiglottis.
Question 18
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Phonemes are
Question 18Select one:
1.
basic speech sounds, in general.
2.
the vowel-like speech sounds.
3.
the consonant-like speech sounds.
4.
the percepts elicited by different speech sounds.
5.
a new kind of auditory percept emerging from ubiquitous cell phone ring tones.
Question 19
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During the 1950s and 1960s Norman Geschwind
Question 19Select one:
1.
confirmed the functions of Broca's and Wernicke's areas by lesioning analogous areas in chimps.
2.
confirmed the functions of Broca's and Wernicke's areas by making experimental lesions in humans in the context of neurosurgery to treat epilepsy.
3.
conducted X-ray-based studies on localization of language areas.
4.
showed that Broca's and Wernicke's areas have many functions other than language.
5.
showed that a number of cortical areas (other than Broca's and Wernicke's areas) have specialized language functions.
Question 20
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A patient holding a ball in his right hand identifies it as "a ball," but when holding it in his left hand he calls it "a round thing." This patient most likely
Question 20Select one:
1.
is a split-brain patient.
2.
is undergoing the Wada procedure.
3.
has Wernicke's aphasia.
4.
has Broca's aphasia.
5.
has dysarthria.
Upper motor neurons
Question 1Select one:
1.
control the upper half of the torso.
2.
synapse on muscles in the eye, neck, and head.
3.
synapse on local circuit neurons and/or lower motor neurons.
correct!
4.
affect motor patterns only indirectly via their inputs to the basal ganglia.
5.
have cell bodies that are located in the ventral horn of the spinal cord.
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Textbook Reference: Neural Centers Responsible for Movement
The correct answer is: synapse on local circuit neurons and/or lower motor neurons.
Question 2
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Which is not a feature of motor unit plasticity?
Question 2Select one:
1.
Changes in the strength and endurance of individual muscle fibers
2.
Changes in the firing properties of motor neurons
3.
Changes in the size and location of motor pools
4.
Changes in muscle properties in response to the type of motor neurons innervating the muscle
5.
Capacity for a non-exercised arm to be influenced by unilateral training of the other arm
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Textbook Reference: Box 16A: Motor Unit Plasticity
The correct answer is: Changes in the size and location of motor pools
Question 3
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The patellar tendon (knee-jerk) reflex is
Question 3Select one:
1.
mediated by Golgi tendon organs.
2.
a monosynaptic reflex arc mediated by Ia afferents.
3.
a polysynaptic reflex arc that integrates the input from groups Ia, Ib, and II afferents.
4.
mediated by collaterals of somatosensory afferents.
5.
a volitional response to the impending impact of an object (i.e., the physician's rubber hammer) directed toward the knee.
Feedback
Textbook Reference: The Spinal Cord Circuitry Underlying Muscle Stretch Reflexes
The correct answer is: a monosynaptic reflex arc mediated by Ia afferents.
Question 4
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During the patellar reflex, you measure voltage change in the flexor muscle motor neuron cell body in the ventral horn of the spinal cord. After stimulation of the stretch receptors, which of the following would you observe?
Question 4Select one:
1.
An EPSP
2.
An action potential
3.
An IPSP
4.
No change in voltage
5.
Constant action potential firing leading to fused tetanus in the flexor muscle
Feedback
Textbook Reference: The Spinal Cord Circuitry Underlying Muscle Stretch Reflexes
The correct answer is: An IPSP
Question 5
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Refer to the figure.
An animal model is developed in which gamma motor neurons are dysfunctional. If you record the activity of the Ia fiber (spindle afferent), which pattern would you expect to see when the innervated muscle contracts?
Question 5Select one:
1.
A
2.
B
3.
C
4.
D
5.
E
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Textbook Reference: Modifying the Gain of Muscle Stretch Reflexes
The correct answer is: A
Question 6
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Golgi tendon organs are most sensitive to
Question 6Select one:
1.
muscle tension.
correct!
2.
muscle stretch.
3.
absolute joint position.
4.
muscle contraction frequency.
5.
muscle fatigue.
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Textbook Reference: The Spinal Cord Circuitry Underlying the Regulation of Muscle Force
The correct answer is: muscle tension.
Question 7
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Which statement about the withdrawal reflex is false?
Question 7Select one:
1.
It can be initiated by pain- and temperature-sensitive sensory fibers.
2.
It has opposing effects within a limb.
3.
It has opposing effects in the left and right limbs.
4.
It controls muscles by means of polysynaptic pathways.
5.
It results in extensor muscle activation within the stimulated limb.
Feedback
Textbook Reference: Flexion Reflex Pathways
The correct answer is: It results in extensor muscle activation within the stimulated limb.
Question 8
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Which statement about cat locomotion is false?
Question 8Select one:
1.
Flexors play an important role during the swing phase.
2.
Extensors play an important role during the stance phase.
3.
It is controlled by a single spinal central pattern generator (CPG) that always produces left-right alternation within a segment.
correct!
4.
Some gaits alternate activity between the left and right legs.
5.
Some gaits involve synchronous use of forelimbs and hindlimbs.
Feedback
Textbook Reference: Spinal Cord Circuitry and Locomotion
The correct answer is: It is controlled by a single spinal central pattern generator (CPG) that always produces left-right alternation within a segment.
Question 9
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The lamprey central pattern generator (CPG)
Question 9Select one:
1.
produces dorsal-ventral flexion waves that run the length of the body.
2.
requires sensory feedback in order for the spinal CPG to oscillate.
3.
is controlled by a series of segmental ganglia.
4.
generates an alternating left-right bending pattern by means of crossed inhibitory fibers.
5.
is easy to study because there are only four cells in each hemi-segment of the spinal cord.
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Textbook Reference: Box 16B: Locomotion in the Leech and the Lamprey
The correct answer is: generates an alternating left-right bending pattern by means of crossed inhibitory fibers.
Question 10
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Proper functioning of the lamprey central pattern generator (CPG) is dependent on which input?
Question 10Select one:
1.
Descending inputs from the brainstem or cortex
2.
Excitatory interneurons that cross the midline
3.
Inhibitory interneurons that cross the midline
4.
Inhibitory interneurons that do not cross the midline
5.
Motor neurons that cross the midline
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Textbook Reference: Box 16B: Locomotion in the Leech and the Lamprey
The correct answer is: Inhibitory interneurons that cross the midline
Question 11
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Which symptom would you expect to see in a patient with lower motor neuron damage?
Question 11Select one:
1.
Hyperactive deep reflexes
2.
Increased muscle tone
3.
Babinski's sign
4.
No development of atrophy
5.
Hypoactive deep reflexes
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Textbook Reference: The Lower Motor Neuron Syndrome
The correct answer is: Hypoactive deep reflexes
Question 12
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The part of the motor system that acts as a servomechanism to minimize motor error is
Question 12Select one:
1.
Brodmann's area 4.
2.
Brodmann's area 6.
3.
the brainstem.
4.
the cerebellum.
5.
the basal ganglia.
Feedback
Textbook Reference: Neural Centers Responsible for Movement
The correct answer is: the cerebellum.
Question 13
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One candidate hypothesis for the selective degeneration of lower and upper motor neurons in ALS is that
Question 13Select one:
1.
these neurons share distinct sets of G-protein-coupled receptors.
2.
these neurons exhibit high resting firing rates.
3.
motor neurons are used far more intensively than other CNS cell types.
4.
these cells are exposed to infectious agents via their peripheral projections.
5.
their very long axons make them more vulnerable to defects in axonal transport.
correct!
Feedback
Textbook Reference: Clinical Applications: Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
The correct answer is: their very long axons make them more vulnerable to defects in axonal transport.
Question 14
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A motor pool (as opposed to a motor unit) consists of
Question 14Select one:
1.
all of the motor neurons that project to a given muscle.
correct!
2.
all of the motor neurons within a single segment of spinal cord.
3.
all of the motor neurons that project to a given limb.
4.
a single motor neuron and all of the muscles it innervates.
5.
a single motor neuron and all of its afferent interneurons.
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Textbook Reference: Motor Neuron-Muscle Relationships
The correct answer is: all of the motor neurons that project to a given muscle.
Question 15
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The motor neurons innervating the medial gastrocnemius muscle of the cat are found
Question 15Select one:
1.
concentrated within a single segment of cervical spinal cord.
2.
concentrated within a single segment of lumbar spinal cord.
3.
spanning several segments of medial lumbar and sacral spinal cord.
4.
spanning several segments of lateral lumbar and sacral spinal cord.
5.
distributed diffusely throughout the dorsal and ventral horns of lumbar and sacral spinal cord.
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Textbook Reference: Motor Neuron-Muscle Relationships
The correct answer is: spanning several segments of lateral lumbar and sacral spinal cord.
Question 16
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Spinal interneurons that project ipsilaterally between the lumbar and cervical enlargements are most likely involved with
Question 16Select one:
1.
ensuring left-right alternation during rhythmic behaviors.
2.
ensuring coordination of the forelimbs and hindlimbs.
correct!
3.
ensuring the proper speed of locomotion.
4.
coordinating activity of limb joints and extremities.
5.
producing alternating flexion and extension patterns in an individual limb.
Feedback
Textbook Reference: Motor Neuron-Muscle Relationships
The correct answer is: ensuring coordination of the forelimbs and hindlimbs.
Question 17
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A specialized motor unit, with an average size of three muscle fibers, controls
Question 17Select one:
1.
finger movements.
2.
postural muscle.
3.
the large, fast contracting muscles used in sprinting.
4.
eye muscles.
correct!
5.
muscles of high-endurance athletes.
Feedback
Textbook Reference: The Motor Unit
The correct answer is: eye muscles.
Question 18
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Which statement about the organization of muscles and motor neurons is false?
Question 18Select one:
1.
Red muscle fibers contract slowly and produce the smallest amount of force.
2.
Large motor neurons are recruited only at higher levels of stimulus intensity.
3.
The fastest, strongest muscle fibers can produce the most sustained force output.
correct!
4.
As stimulation of a motor unit increases, the amount of force produced by the muscle increases.
5.
Individual muscles can be used in a variety of different locomotor patterns or gaits.
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Textbook Reference: Regulation of Muscle Force
The correct answer is: The fastest, strongest muscle fibers can produce the most sustained force output.
Question 19
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The condition called "fused tetanus" refers to
Question 19Select one:
1.
lockjaw symptoms resulting from exposure to the tetanus toxin.
2.
a muscle firing pattern resulting from one's willing a muscle to contract at maximum velocity.
3.
the response of single muscle fibers to a single action potential input.
4.
a sustained maximal contraction due to intense motor unit firing.
correct!
5.
an excessive contraction that results in the fusing together of muscle fibers.
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Textbook Reference: Regulation of Muscle Force
The correct answer is: a sustained maximal contraction due to intense motor unit firing.
Question 20
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Asynchronous firing of motor neurons
Question 20Select one:
1.
provides a means by which a population of motor neurons can maintain constant force over a finite time interval.
2.
refers to the pattern by which more lateral motor neurons are fired first and more medial ones later.
3.
refers to alternating firing of fast-twitch and slow-twitch muscle fibers.
4.
does not occur under normal physiological conditions.
5.
is observed only in the Îł motor neurons.
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Textbook Reference: Regulation of Muscle Force
The correct answer is: provides a means by which a population of motor neurons can maintain constant force over a finite time interval