Apush unti 2
Period 2: 1607-1754
Key Concepts
European Colonization: European powers established colonies in North America for various reasons:
Economic Goals: Mercantilism drove the desire for resources and new markets.
Religious Freedom: Colonies like Plymouth and Maryland were founded for religious reasons.
Social Mobility: The promise of a better life attracted many Europeans.
Colonial Development: The colonies developed differently based on their geography, economy, and social structure:
New England: Characterized by small towns, family farms, and a mixed economy of agriculture and commerce.
Chesapeake: Dominated by tobacco plantations and a reliance on indentured servants and later enslaved Africans.
Middle Colonies: A diverse region with a mixed economy of agriculture and trade; known for its religious tolerance.
Southern Colonies: Focused on plantation agriculture, relying heavily on enslaved labor.
Interactions with Native Americans: European colonization led to conflict and cultural exchange with Native Americans:
Conflict: Competition for land and resources resulted in wars and displacement of Native populations (e.g., King Philip's War).
Cultural Exchange: Trade, religious conversion, and alliances led to cultural exchange and adaptation.
** transatlantic Trade**: The exchange of goods. people, and ideas between Europe, Africa, and the Americas
The Middle Passage: The brutal voyage of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic.
Economic Impact: Colonies provided raw materials to Europe and served as markets for European goods.
Development of Slavery: Enslaved Africans were brought to the Americas to work on plantations, leading to the development of a system of racial based slavery:
Reasons for Slavery: Demand for labor, profitability of cash crops, and lack
Mercantilism: Causes and Effects
Causes:
European powers sought to increase their wealth and power relative to other nations.
Belief that a nation's wealth was measured by its gold and silver reserves.
Desire for a favorable balance of trade, where exports exceed imports.
Effects:
Colonization to acquire raw materials and serve as markets for finished goods.
Implementation of trade restrictions and tariffs to protect domestic industries.
Increased competition and conflict among European powers.
Triangle Trade
Description:
A complex trade network involving Europe, Africa, and the Americas.
European goods were traded for enslaved Africans, who were then transported to the Americas.
Raw materials from the Americas were sent to Europe to be processed into finished goods.
Economic Impact:
Profits for European merchants and manufacturers.
Economic development in the Americas based on plantation agriculture.
Devastating impact on African societies due to the loss of population and disruption of social structures.
Causes of British Colonization
Economic Factors:
Mercantilism: Colonies were seen as sources of raw materials and markets for British goods.
Opportunity to acquire land and resources.
Religious Factors:
Desire for religious freedom and escape from persecution (e.g., Pilgrims, Puritans).
Social Factors:
Opportunity for social mobility and a better life.
Escape from poverty, debt, and social inequality.
Effects of the First Great Awakening
Religious Impact:
Increased religious fervor and conversions.
New denominations and religious movements emerged.
Decline in the authority of established churches.
Social Impact:
Greater emphasis on individual religious experience.
Promoted a sense of equality and challenged social hierarchies.
Contributed to the development of American identity and unity.
Transition from Indentured Servitude to Enslaved Labor
Reasons for the Shift:
Decline in the availability of indentured servants.
Increased demand for labor on plantations.
Enslaved labor became more profitable due to its permanent nature and legal status.
Consequences:
Development of a system of racial-based slavery.
Increased exploitation and dehumanization of enslaved Africans.
Long-lasting social and economic inequalities.
Economic Differences Between British North American Colonies
New England:
Mixed economy of agriculture, commerce, and fishing.
Small farms and a diversified economy.
Trade with other colonies and Europe.
Chesapeake:
Dominated by tobacco plantations.
Reliance on indentured servants and enslaved labor.
Export-oriented economy.
Middle Colonies:
Mixed economy of agriculture and trade.
Known for wheat and grain production.
Commercial centers like New York and Philadelphia.
Southern Colonies:
Focused on plantation agriculture, including tobacco, rice, and indigo.
Heavily reliant on enslaved labor.
Export-oriented economy.
Similarities Between the Economies of the Chesapeake Colonies and the Middle Colonies
Agricultural Diversification: While the Chesapeake Colonies were heavily focused on tobacco, they also grew other crops. Similarly, the Middle Colonies had a mixed agricultural output, contributing to a more diverse economy.
Trade Networks: Both regions actively participated in extensive trade networks. The Chesapeake Colonies exported tobacco and other cash crops, while the Middle Colonies engaged in the trade of grains, furs, and manufactured goods. These trade activities stimulated economic growth and development in both regions.
Urban Centers: The growth
Period 2: 1607-1754
Key Concepts
**European Colonization**: European powers established colonies in North America for various reasons:
**Economic Goals**: Mercantilism drove the desire for resources and new markets.
**Religious Freedom**: Colonies like Plymouth and Maryland were founded for religious reasons. Puritans sought to create a society based on their religious beliefs, while Quakers in Pennsylvania advocated for religious tolerance.
**Social Mobility**: The promise of a better life attracted many Europeans. Indentured servitude offered a path to land ownership and social advancement.
**Colonial Development**: The colonies developed differently based on their geography, economy, and social structure:
**New England**: Characterized by small towns, family farms, and a mixed economy of agriculture and commerce. Town meetings and local governance fostered a sense of community and self-government.
**Chesapeake**: Dominated by tobacco plantations and a reliance on indentured servants and later enslaved Africans. The headright system encouraged the importation of labor, contributing to social stratification.
**Middle Colonies**: A diverse region with a mixed economy of agriculture and trade; known for its religious tolerance. The presence of Quakers, Dutch, and other groups promoted cultural exchange and diversity.
**Southern Colonies**: Focused on plantation agriculture, relying heavily on enslaved labor. The Stono Rebellion demonstrated the resistance of enslaved Africans to their bondage.
**Interactions with Native Americans**: European colonization led to conflict and cultural exchange with Native Americans:
**Conflict**: Competition for land and resources resulted in wars and displacement of Native populations (e.g., King Philip's War). The Pequot War and Bacon's Rebellion also highlight tensions and conflicts between colonists and Native Americans.
**Cultural Exchange**: Trade, religious conversion, and alliances led to cultural exchange and adaptation. The adoption of European goods by Native Americans and the introduction of Native American crops to Europe transformed societies on both sides of the Atlantic.
**transatlantic Trade**: The exchange of goods. people, and ideas between Europe, Africa, and the Americas
**The Middle Passage**: The brutal voyage of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic. Conditions on slave ships were horrific, with high mortality rates due to disease, starvation, and abuse.
**Economic Impact**: Colonies provided raw materials to Europe and served as markets for European goods. Mercantilist policies regulated colonial trade to benefit the mother country.
**Development of Slavery**: Enslaved Africans were brought to the Americas to work on plantations, leading to the development of a system of racial based slavery:
**Reasons for Slavery**: Demand for labor, profitability of cash crops, and lack
**Mercantilism: Causes and Effects*\
**Causes:*\
European powers sought to increase their wealth and power relative to other nations.
Belief that a nation's wealth was measured by its gold and silver reserves.
Desire for a favorable balance of trade, where exports exceed imports.
**Effects:*\
Colonization to acquire raw materials and serve as markets for finished goods.
Implementation of trade restrictions and tariffs to protect domestic industries. The Navigation Acts, for example, restricted colonial trade to benefit England.
Increased competition and conflict among European powers.
**Triangle Trade*\
**Description:*\
A complex trade network involving Europe, Africa, and the Americas.
European goods were traded for enslaved Africans, who were then transported to the Americas.
Raw materials from the Americas were sent to Europe to be processed into finished goods.
**Economic Impact:*\
Profits for European merchants and manufacturers.
Economic development in the Americas based on plantation agriculture.
Devastating impact on African societies due to the loss of population and disruption of social structures.
**Causes of British Colonization*\
**Economic Factors:*\
Mercantilism: Colonies were seen as sources of raw materials and markets for British goods.
Opportunity to acquire land and resources. The fur trade, timber, and other resources attracted settlers and investors.
**Religious Factors:*\
Desire for religious freedom and escape from persecution (e.g., Pilgrims, Puritans).
**Social Factors:*\
Opportunity for social mobility and a better life.
Escape from poverty, debt, and social inequality.
**Effects of the First Great Awakening*\
**Religious Impact:*\
Increased religious fervor and conversions.
New denominations and religious movements emerged. Figures like Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield played key roles in the movement.
Decline in the authority of established churches.
**Social Impact:*\
Greater emphasis on individual religious experience.
Promoted a sense of equality and challenged social hierarchies.
Contributed to the development of American identity and unity.
**Transition from Indentured Servitude to Enslaved Labor*\
**Reasons for the Shift:*\
Decline in the availability of indentured servants.
Increased demand for labor on plantations.
Enslaved labor became more profitable due to its permanent nature and legal status.
**Consequences:*\
Development of a system of racial-based slavery.
Increased exploitation and dehumanization of enslaved Africans. Slave codes further institutionalized racial discrimination.
Long-lasting social and economic inequalities.
**Economic Differences Between British North American Colonies*\
**New England:*\
Mixed economy of agriculture, commerce, and fishing.
Small farms and a diversified economy. Farmers grew crops like corn, wheat, and beans.
Trade with other colonies and Europe.
**Chesapeake:*\
Dominated by tobacco plantations.
Reliance on indentured servants and enslaved labor.
Export-oriented economy.
**Middle Colonies:*\
Mixed economy of agriculture and trade.
Known for wheat and grain production. Often referred to as the "breadbasket" colonies.
Commercial centers like New York and Philadelphia.
**Southern Colonies:*\
Focused on plantation agriculture, including tobacco, rice, and indigo.
Heavily reliant on enslaved labor.
Export-oriented economy.
**Similarities Between the Economies of the Chesapeake Colonies and the Middle Colonies*\
**Agricultural Diversification:** While the Chesapeake Colonies were heavily focused on tobacco, they also
Period 2: 1607-1754 Key Concepts 1. **European Colonization**: European powers established colonies in North America for various reasons: - **Economic Goals**: Mercantilism drove the desire for resources and new markets. - **Religious Freedom**: Colonies like Plymouth and Maryland were founded for religious reasons. Puritans sought to create a society based on their religious beliefs, while Quakers in Pennsylvania advocated for religious tolerance. The Mayflower Compact established a basis for self-government in the Plymouth Colony. - **Social Mobility**: The promise of a better life attracted many Europeans. Indentured servitude offered a path to land ownership and social advancement. 1. **Colonial Development**: The colonies developed differently based on their geography, economy, and social structure: - **New England**: Characterized by small towns, family farms, and a mixed economy of agriculture and commerce. Town meetings and local governance fostered a sense of community and self-government. - **Chesapeake**: Dominated by tobacco plantations and a reliance on indentured servants and later enslaved Africans. The headright system encouraged the importation of labor, contributing to social stratification. - **Middle Colonies**: A diverse region with a mixed economy of agriculture and trade; known for its religious tolerance. The presence of Quakers, Dutch, and other groups promoted cultural exchange and diversity. - **Southern Colonies**: Focused on plantation agriculture, relying heavily on enslaved labor. The Stono Rebellion demonstrated the resistance of enslaved Africans to their bondage. 1. **Interactions with Native Americans**: European colonization led to conflict and cultural exchange with Native Americans: - **Conflict**: Competition for land and resources resulted in wars and displacement of Native populations (e.g., King Philip's War). The Pequot War and Bacon's Rebellion also highlight tensions and conflicts between colonists and Native Americans. - **Cultural Exchange**: Trade, religious conversion, and alliances led to cultural exchange and adaptation. The adoption of European goods by Native Americans and the introduction of Native American crops to Europe transformed societies on both sides of the Atlantic. 1. **transatlantic Trade**: The exchange of goods. people, and ideas between Europe, Africa, and the Americas - **The Middle Passage**: The brutal voyage of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic. Conditions on slave ships were horrific, with high mortality rates due to disease, starvation, and abuse. - **Economic Impact**: Colonies provided raw materials to Europe and served as markets for European goods. Mercantilist policies regulated colonial trade to benefit the mother country. 1. **Development of Slavery**: Enslaved Africans were brought to the Americas to work on plantations, leading to the development of a system of racial based slavery: - **Reasons for Slavery**: Demand for labor, profitability of cash crops, and lack 1. **Mercantilism: Causes and Effects*
- **Causes:*
- European powers sought to increase their wealth and power relative to other nations. - Belief that a nation's wealth was measured by its gold and silver reserves. - Desire for a favorable balance of trade, where exports exceed imports. - **Effects:*
- Colonization to acquire raw materials and serve as markets for finished goods. - Implementation of trade restrictions and tariffs to protect domestic industries. The Navigation Acts, for example, restricted colonial trade to benefit England. - Increased competition and conflict among European powers. 1. **Triangle Trade*
- **Description:*
- A complex trade network involving Europe, Africa, and the Americas. - European goods were traded for enslaved Africans, who were then transported to the Americas. - Raw materials from the Americas were sent to Europe to be processed into finished goods. - **Economic Impact:*
- Profits for European merchants and manufacturers. - Economic development in the Americas based on plantation agriculture. - Devastating impact on African societies due to the loss of population and disruption of social structures. 1. **Causes of British Colonization*
- **Economic Factors:*
- Mercantilism: Colonies were seen as sources of raw materials and markets for British goods. - Opportunity to acquire land and resources. The fur trade, timber, and other resources attracted settlers and investors. - **Religious Factors:*
- Desire for religious freedom and escape from persecution (e.g., Pilgrims, Puritans). - **Social Factors:*
- Opportunity for social mobility and a better life. - Escape from poverty, debt, and social inequality. 1. **Effects of the First Great Awakening*
- **Religious Impact:*
- Increased religious fervor and conversions. - New denominations and religious movements emerged. Figures like Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield played key roles in the movement. - Decline in the authority of established churches. - **Social Impact:*
- Greater emphasis on individual religious experience. - Promoted a sense of equality and challenged social hierarchies. - Contributed to the development of American identity and unity. 1. **Transition from Indentured Servitude to Enslaved Labor*
- **Reasons for the Shift:*
- Decline in the availability of indentured servants. - Increased demand for labor on plantations. - Enslaved labor became more profitable due to its permanent nature and legal status. - **Consequences:*
- Development of a system of racial-based slavery. - Increased exploitation and dehumanization of enslaved Africans. Slave codes further institutionalized racial discrimination. - Long-lasting social and economic inequalities. 1. **Economic Differences Between British North American Colonies*
- **New England:*
- Mixed economy of agriculture, commerce, and fishing. - Small farms and a diversified economy. Farmers grew crops like corn, wheat, and beans. - Trade with other colonies and Europe. - **Chesapeake:*
- Dominated by tobacco plantations. - Reliance on indentured servants and enslaved labor. - Export-oriented economy. - **Middle Colonies:*
- Mixed economy of agriculture and trade. - Known for wheat and grain production. Often referred to as the "breadbasket" colonies. - Commercial centers like New York and Philadelphia. - **Southern Colonies:*
- Focused on plantation agriculture, including tobacco, rice, and indigo. - Heavily reliant on enslaved labor. - Export-oriented economy. 1. **Similarities Between the Economies of the Chesapeake Colonies and the Middle Colonies*
- **Agricultural Diversification:** While the Chesapeake Colonies were heavily focused on tobacco, they also