Astronomy Review

The Big Bang

• The universe began as a ________ _______that was infinitely hot and dense, similar to a _______ _______. The current estimate for the age of the universe is ________ years.

• After the Big Bang, there were two major stages in the evolution of the universe, known as the _______ and ________ eras. 

• Epochs of each era: 

•  

• The first era involved the creation of the four fundamental forces: _______, ________, ___________, and __________, as well as the first element: _________. This era was relatively brief and lasted about 50 000 years. 

• The beginning of the next era is characterized by the cooling of the universe, allowing for the creation of the second element: _______. The creation of this element allowed atomic clouds to form, and once their gravity was strong enough these clouds formed into ______, which created the rest of the elements on the periodic table.

Evidence of the Big Bang

History of Astronomy

Eratosthenes:

Hipparchus:

Ptolemy:

Model of the universe explained ________

Copernicus: First _________ model of universe, explained ________ motion. Orbits were ___________

Kepler:

Galileo:

Newton: 

Galaxies

Main types of galaxies

When classifying galaxies, ellipticals are classified based on_________, spirals are classified by _____________

Components of galaxies. Briefly explain each.

• Disk:

• Bulge:

• Halo: 

Elliptical galaxies

Spiral galaxies

Stars

Life cycle for low-mass stars.(mass of ______) Briefly explain each step

   5.  

   6. 

High-mass stars(Mass of_______):

6.                    OR

Hertzprung-Russell

Trends of the H-R diagram:

Luminosity:

Temperature:

Colour:

Briefly describe the outliers on the diagram:

Constellations

Current North Star:

Located in: 

Little dipper is located in:

Big dipper is located in: