module 3 cells and tissues Study guide

A&P module 3 Cells and Tissues Module Review

Definitions to Know:

Tonicity: ability of a solution to affect the fluid volume and pressure in the cell through osmosis

Osmolarity: measure of solute concentration per unit volume of solvent

Hypertonic: solution that contains a higher concentration of solutes compared to the fluid with in the cell

Hypotonic: solution that lowers concentration of solutes compared to the fluid with in the cell

Isotonic: same solution concentration outside as inside the cell

Osmotic pressure: water pressure that develops in a solution as a result of osmosis; higher solute higher pressure.

Differentiation: process by which a less specialized cell develops or mature to become more distinct in form and function

Matrix: inorganic; connective tissue; embedded in varying kinds & amounts of fluid/ protein fibers

Tissues: groups of similar cells that perform a common function

Phagocytosis: large particle are trapped in the plasma membrane and brought into the cell; eating cell

Facilitated diffusion: molecules need other molecules help to move across a membrane

Semi-permeable: layer that only certain molecules can pass through by diffusion, rate of passage depends on the pressure, concentration, and temp of the molecules or solutes on either side

Mitosis: type of cell division in which he “mother” cell splits into 2 daughter cells

Stem cells: undifferentiated cells; clean baby cells; no specific function

Cilia: hair like process on the surface of the cell that propel materials across a surface; primarily in the respiratory tract where they move mucous out of the lungs; & fallopian tubes where they move the egg toward the uterus: moves one way- out

Flagella: hair like projections that move, longer thicker than cilia, whip like motion, SPERM

Microvilli: Folds of the cell membrane that greatly increases the surface area of a cell to facilitate absorption. Found in cells to increase cells absorptions in digestive tract.

Active Transport: solutes move from a greater concentration to a lower concentration, requires a lot of energy, ATP, pumps.

What is Na/K pump for? regulating volume of fluid with in the cells, providing electrical potential necessary for nervous system activity, helps with heat production; most common active transport

Passive Transport- diffusion (higher to lower concentration), filtration (water & particles are forced across a membrane from higher to lower concentration), osmosis (diffusion of greater concentration to a lower one) facilitated diffusion (diffusion of a substance through a channel protein; need help); don’t requires cells to expend energy; The fart factor; EX: water & air

plasma membrane: consist of phospholipids (form a double layer to keep cells stuff inside), cholesterol (scattered with in, help strengthen plasma membrane), and proteins(act as a channel to allow certain molecules in and out the cell-gate keeper; acts a receptor for specific hormones, which gives info to the cell and tells it what to do)

Be able to describe DNA vs RNA, what is the function of each? How do they differ?

DNA: sequence of the bases that determines genetic code of the DNA, to large to leave the nucleus; contains thymine; building blocks = nucleotides; twisted ladder structure;

RNA is a single strand, nucleic acid; contains sugar ribose instead of deoxyribose, contains uracil instead of thymine; crucial to protein synthesis by carrying the info to the cytoplasm; made of ribose Has 3 forms: messenger RNA, transfer RNA, ribosomal RNA

*Both contain cytosine, guanine, and adenine

Be able to identify the 4 categories of tissue: Epithelial, Nervous, Connective & Muscular!

Ectoderm: gives rise to epidermis and nervous system- epidermis& nervous tissue

Mesoderm: gives rise to connective & muscle tissue- cardiac, skeletal, bone, blood, smooth muscle(gut)

Endoderm: Produces mucous membrane of respiratory tract, thyroid gland, secretory parts of pancreas- lung tissue pancreatic tissue

Identify our largest tissue type: connective tissue: fibrous, Areolar, bone, cartilage, adipose, blood, reticular.

Fibrous: strong & flexible; connects & holds structures together; Tendon(bone to muscle), ligaments(bone to bone), fascia(muscle to organs), dermis(thick living tissue makes true skin)

Areolar: loose fibrous connective tissue; acts like glue; location: beneath the epithelia, between muscles, surrounding vessels and nerves

Bone: gives support and strength; stores calcium; located in the skeleton

Cartilage: firm, flexible support; eases joint movement, prevents friction, absorbs shock; location: nose ear, trachea, connects ribs & sternum. Fetal skeleton. (when it is damaged its harder to heal b/c its avascular

Adipose: loose connective, composed of lipids (fats), provides cushion, insulation, stores energy; Located: under skin, surrounds some body organs

Blood: transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones, waste from one place to another; RBS & WBC, &platelets; located in the blood vessels.

Reticular: loose connective; supports framework; located in the spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow

epithelial: squamous: scaly flat plate like; cuboidal: cube-shaped; columnar:  tall & cylindrical; also classified by cell layers- simple: every cell touches the basement membrane like tile to grout; stratified- cells stacked like Legos (only bottom touch the bottom membrane) functions: protection, absorption, filtration, secretion.

Nervous tissue: found in the brain, spinal cord, nerves; high degree of excitability & conductivity allowing communication to other parts by impulses or messages from brain to body; 2 types neurons & neuroglia- support cells

Neurons: large body cell called a soma (contains nucleus and organelles) arms called dendrites (receive impulses) axon (transmits signals from body to other cells)

Endocrine glands: glands that make your hormones; hypothalamus, pituitary, pineal, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus, adrenals, pancreas, ovaries, testes,

Exocrine glands: glandes produce & secrete substances onto an epithelial surface by way of a duct; sweat glands, salivary, mammary, ceruminous, lacrimal, sebaceous, and mucous

Identify the three muscle types, where they are found, and characteristics of each:

Smooth: involuntary; long spindle cells, visceral, stimulated by auto nervous system, digestive, respiratory, urinary, blood vessels

Skeletal: striated /voluntary; consists of long thin muscle fibers, attached to bones, breathing, speech, control of urination, facial expression

Cardiac: striated involuntary; HEART; short cells jointed together by intercalated cells (allow electrical impulses to spread rapidly from cell to cell)

Understand the role of granular tissue (connective tissue) in wound healing: granulation tissue is the new tissue that gets the nutrients proteins from surrounding healthy tissue.

Tissue Repair: regeneration- cells are replaced by identical, new tissue.

                Fibrosis- tissue is replaced by scar tissue; occurs with cuts and burns

Epithelial membranes: mucous membranes, cutaneous, & serous; lines organs that surface to outside the body like digestive tract, respiratory, urinary and reproductive; protects from drying out; traps dust; lubricates; serious fluid provides lubrication for all organ’s lungs, heart.

Connective membranes: Synovial membrane; connective joints; prevent friction;

Be able to identify the structure of the parts of a cell and the function of each part

Solvent: substance in which substance are dissolved or mixed               Koolaid & sugar = solutes

Solute: substance, stuff that is dissolved in another substance                     water is the solvent

Concentration: amount of dissolved or solute in the solvent              inside=intracellular

Outside=outside cellular                Endo=take into                        between=interstitial

Epi= on or upon                Pericardium= heart                 pleura= lungs                

peritoneum=abdominal cavity                cells=simplest unit of living matter

Be able to identify the structure of the parts of a cell and the function of each part:

Plasma Membrane: boundary of the cell; consist of phospholipids, cholesterol, & protein

Nucleus: center of the cell; control center; contains nucleus, nuclear pores, and nuclear envelope.

Cytoplasm: gel like substance fills the cell, ‘living matter’

Rough Endoplasmic reticulum: transporter; contains ribosomes; also smooth in some places

Ribosomes: thousands of granules of protein & RNA; synthesis (makes) protein

Golgi Apparatus: receives protein from ER and package them for export to other parts of the body

Centrioles: found in pairs just outside the nucleus, active during cell division

Lysosomes: pinched off pieces of golgi; Cellular garbage disposal

Mitochondria: powerhouse; energy production; uses oxygen & glucose to for ATP for energy production

Cytoskeleton: supporting framework; allows movement of cell, contain microvilli, cilia, flagella