Medical terminology

Medical Terminology

Day Two

Combining Forms for Color

  • alb/o, albin/o: White

  • leuk/o (leuc/o): White

  • chlor/o: Green

  • cyan/o: Blue

  • erythr/o: Red

  • melan/o: Black

  • jaune: Yellow

Cyanosis

  • Cyanosis is a condition where skin appears bluish due to insufficient oxygen in the blood.

  • Important in diagnosing respiratory and circulatory issues.

Jaundice

  • Jaundice is characterized by yellowing of the skin and eyes due to high bilirubin levels.

  • Common causes include liver disease, hemolysis, and bile duct obstruction.

Additional Combining Forms and Suffixes

  • -cyte: Cell

  • -genic: Produced by or in

  • -genesis: Producing or forming

  • -gram: A record

  • -graph: The instrument for recording

  • -graphy: The process of recording

Additional Combining Forms and Suffixes (Cont.)

  • -kinesia, -kinesis: Movement or motion

  • -lepsy: Seizure

  • -lysin: That which destroys

  • -lysis: Process of destroying

  • -lytic: Capable of or producing destruction

  • -sclerosis: Hardening

Quick Quiz!

What does tachycardia mean?

  • A) Slow heart rate

  • B) Rapid heart rate

  • C) Yellow skin

  • D) Red cell(Correct Answer: B) Rapid heart rate

Additional Combining Forms and Suffixes (Cont.)

  • -malacia: Abnormal softening

  • -megaly: Enlargement

  • -meter: Instrument used to measure

  • -metry: Process of measuring

  • -pathy: Disease

  • -phasia: Speech

Additional Combining Forms and Suffixes (Cont.)

  • -phagia, -phagic: Eating or swallowing

  • -phagy: Eating or swallowing

  • -plegia: Paralysis

  • -schisis: Split or cleft

  • -sclerosis: Hard

  • -scope: Instrument used for viewing

  • -scopy: Process of examining visually

  • -trophic, -trophy: Nutrition

Electrocardiography, ECG

  • Electronical recording of heart activity.

Miscellaneous Combining Forms

  • aer/o: Air

  • blast/o: Embryonic form

  • cancer/o, carcin/o: Cancer

  • cephal/o: Head

  • cry/o: Cold

Miscellaneous Combining Forms (Cont.)

  • crypt/o: Hidden

  • dips/o: Thirst

  • electr/o: Electricity

  • fibr/o: Fiber

  • hist/o: Tissue

Electroencephalography

  • Recording of brain's electrical activity through electrodes.

Miscellaneous Combining Forms (Cont.)

  • myc/o: Fungus

  • narc/o: Stupor

  • necr/o: Dead

  • optic/o, opt/o: Vision

  • phon/o: Voice

Miscellaneous Combining Forms (Cont.)

  • phot/o: Light

  • py/o: Pus

  • therm/o: Heat

  • top/o: Position, place

  • trache/o: Trachea (windpipe)

Combining Word Parts

  • Examples:

    • Hemoglobin, Hemolysis, Hemolyze, Hemolysin, Hemolytic

    • Litholysis

    • Lithotrite, Lithotripsy

    • Lithiasis

    • Glycogen, Glycolysis

    • Lipoma

    • Electrolysis

Combining Word Parts (Cont.)

  • Examples:

    • Narcolepsy

    • Epilepsy

    • Ectopic

    • Orthopnea

    • Hyperthermia

    • Cryptorchidism

    • Fibrin

Quick Quiz! What is the difference between py/o and pyr/o?

  • A) py/o means fire; pyr/o means pus

  • B) pyr/o means fire; py/o means pie-shaped

  • C) py/o means fire; pyr/o means pie-shaped

  • D) py/o means pus; pyr/o means fire(Correct Answer: D) py/o means pus; pyr/o means fire

ECG, EKG, EEG Abbreviations

  • Definitions of important abbreviations in medical terminology.

Chapter 4: Diagnostic Procedures and Therapeutic Interventions

  • Overview of diagnostic terminology and procedures as well as therapeutic interventions.

Learning Objectives

  • Identify the difference between signs and symptoms.

  • List the vital signs and four basic examination procedures.

  • Match diagnostic terms with their meanings.

  • Match therapeutic interventions with their meanings.

  • Write the meanings of Chapter 4 word parts or match word parts with their meanings.

  • Build and analyze medical terms with Chapter 4 word parts.

  • Spell medical terms correctly.

Diagnostic Terminology

  • Diagnosis (Dx), Diagnoses

  • Prognosis, Prognoses

  • Symptom (Sx) vs. Sign

  • Acute vs. Chronic

  • Tests: Clinical, laboratory, imaging, specimen

Basic Examination Procedures

  • Vital Signs: Pulse rate, respiration rate, temperature.

  • Blood Pressure: systolic vs. diastolic (BP)

  • Examination Techniques: Inspection, palpation, percussion, auscultation

Vital Signs: Pulse

  • Importance of monitoring pulse in clinical practice.

Vital Signs: Temperature

  • Importance of monitoring temperature in clinical practice.

Blood Pressure

  • Monitoring blood pressure is crucial for assessing cardiovascular health.

Basic Examination Procedures

  • Overview of techniques used for patient examination:

    • Inspection, palpation, percussion, auscultation.

Cephalometry

  • Measurement of the head and skull dimensions for diagnostic purposes.

Endoscopy

  • Examination procedure using an endoscope to visualize internal structures.

Catheterization

  • Insertion of a catheter for urine drainage.

    • Types: Indwelling catheters.

Diagnostic Radiology Terms

  • Radiograph (radi/o + -graph): An image obtained through the use of X-rays.

  • Radiography (radi/o + -graphy): The process of making radiographs.

  • Computed Radiography: Digital imaging technology in radiology.

  • Radiopaque: Not allowing passage of X-rays.

  • Radiolucent: Allowing passage of X-rays.

  • Noninvasive, invasive: Terms that describe procedures.

Radiology Word Parts

  • ech/o, son/o: Sound.

  • electr/o: Electricity.

  • fluor/o: Emitting light.

  • radi/o: Radiant energy.

  • tom/o: To cut.

  • ultra-: Excessive.

Quick Quiz! To auscultate means to:

  • A) Use the eyes and ears to observe and listen.

  • B) Feel the texture, size, and location of certain body parts with hands.

  • C) Tap the body with fingertips or fist.

  • D) Listen for sounds within the body.(Correct Answer: D) Listen for sounds within the body.

Additional Imaging Procedures

  • Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): Detailed imaging technique.

  • Sonography: Imaging using sound waves.

  • Contrast Imaging: Using contrast agents for better visualization.

  • Fluoroscopy (Fluoroscope): Continuous X-ray imaging.

  • Nuclear Scans: Using radiopharmaceuticals for imaging.

  • Positron Emission Tomography (PET): Advanced imaging technique to show metabolic processes.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

  • Imaging technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to generate images of organs and tissues.

Ultrasonography

  • Imaging technique that relies on sound waves to visualize internal structures.

Contrast Imaging

  • Technique that enhances the visibility of structures in imaging by using contrast agents.

Fluoroscopy

  • Imaging technique that provides real-time moving images of the internal structures of a patient.

Nuclear Medicine

  • Use of radioactive substances in diagnosis or treatment.

Radiation Oncology, Radiotherapy, Radiation Therapy

  • Treatment using radiation to kill cancer cells or shrink tumors.

Treatment Word Parts

  • algesi/o: Sensitivity to pain.

  • chem/o: Chemical.

  • pharmac/o: Drugs or medicine.

  • plast/o: Repair.

  • therapeut/o and -therapy: Treatment.

  • tox/o: Poison.

  • -therapy: Treatment.

Treatment Terms

  • Cytotoxic: Toxic to cells.

  • Neoplasm: An abnormal growth of tissue.

  • Therapeutic: Relating to treatment.

  • Antimicrobials, Antibiotics: Agents used against microorganisms.

  • Analgesic, Narcotic: Pain-relieving medications.

  • Antineoplastics: Drugs that inhibit the growth of tumors.

  • Over-the-Counter (OTC): Medications not requiring a prescription.

Treatment Terms (Cont.)

  • Radiotherapy, Radiation Oncology: Treatment using radiation.

  • Chemotherapy: Treatment using chemical substances.

  • Cryotherapy: Treatment using extreme cold.

  • Pharmacotherapy: Treatment using drugs.

  • Thermotherapy: Treatment using heat.

Quick Quiz! What is an analgesic?

  • A) Drug that relieves pain.

  • B) Drug that destroys or inhibits the growth of microorganisms.

  • C) Freezing of abnormal tissue.

  • D) Application of heat.(Correct Answer: A) Drug that relieves pain.

Acronyms and Abbreviations

  • AMA: American Medical Association

  • BP: Blood Pressure

  • CPT: Current Procedural Terminology

  • CT, CAT: Computed Tomography

  • Dx: Diagnosis

  • ICD: International Classification of Diseases

  • MRI: Magnetic Resonance Imaging

  • OTC: Over-the-Counter

  • PET: Positron Emission Tomography

  • Sx: Symptoms

  • WNL: Within Normal Limits

Learning Objectives

  • Recognize the relationship of cells, tissues, and organs, and list the major body systems.

  • List four types of tissue and recognize terms for their abnormal development.

  • Recognize directional terms and planes of the body; match them with their descriptions and write their combining forms.

  • Identify body cavities, body regions, and four abdominal quadrants.

  • Recognize terms for diagnostic procedures and disorders presented in Chapter 5.

Learning Objectives (Cont.)

  • Recognize the meanings of Chapter 5 word parts and use them to build and analyze medical terms.

  • Write terms pertaining to body fluids and blood, and their disorders, as well as associated terms.

  • Write terms about body defenses, immunity, and bioterrorism when given their definitions or match them with their meanings.

  • Spell medical terms correctly.

Organizational Scheme

  • The structure of the medical terminology discussed will be presented in a systematic manner.

Main Tissue Types

  • Overview of various types of tissues in the human body.

Muscle Tissue

  • Types and functions of muscle tissues, including skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle.

Cell Development Terms

  • -plasia: Means formation. Examples:

  • Dysplasia: Abnormal development.

  • Aplasia: Lack of development.

  • Hypoplasia: Underdevelopment.

  • Hyperplasia: Excessive growth.

  • Anaplasia: Differentiation loss.

  • -trophy: Means nutrition; Examples include hypertrophy (increase in cell size). ‘

Hypertrophy vs. Hyperplasia

  • Hypertrophy: Increase in size of an organ or tissue due to the enlargement of its cells.

  • Hyperplasia: Increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue.

Quick Quiz!

What term means the abnormal development of tissues or organs?

  • A) Aplasia

  • B) Anaplasia

  • C) Dysplasia

  • D) Hypoplasia(Correct Answer: C) Dysplasia

Reference Planes of the Body

  • Frontal Plane: Divides body into anterior and posterior.

  • Transverse Plane: Divides body into superior and inferior.

  • Midsagittal Plane: Divides body into right and left halves.

Directional Word Parts and Terms

  • anter/o: Toward the front; ventral.

  • poster/o: Toward the back, dorsal.

  • ventr/o: Belly side.

  • dors/o: Back side.

  • medi/o: Middle.

  • later/o: Toward the side.

  • trans-: Across.

Directional Word Parts and Terms (Cont.)

  • super/o: Uppermost (towards the head).

  • infer/o: Lowermost (towards the feet).

  • proxim/o: Nearer the origin.

  • dist/o: Far or distant.

  • cephal/o: Toward the head.

  • caud/o: Toward the tail (feet).

  • intern/o: Inside, within.

  • extern/o: Outside.

Directional Word Parts and Terms (Cont.)

  • Compound directional terms include:

  • anteromedial, posteromedial, dorsolateral, posterolateral, anterolateral, mediolateral, inferomedial.

Supine vs. Prone

  • Supination: Lying on back.

  • Pronation: Lying on front.

Body Regions

  • Overview of the primary body regions including head, neck, torso, and extremities.

Combining Forms: Body Regions and Structures

  • abdomin/o: Abdomen

  • acr/o: Extremities

  • blephar/o: Eyelid

  • cephal/o: Head

  • chir/o: Hands

  • cyst/o: Cyst, bladder, or sac

  • dactyl/o: Digits

  • lapar/o: Abdominal wall

Combining Forms: Body Regions and Structures (Cont.)

  • omphal/o: Umbilicus

  • onych/o: Nail

  • pelv/i: Pelvis

  • periton/o: Peritoneum

  • pod/o: Feet

  • som/a, somat/o: Body

  • thorac/o: Chest (thorax)

Abdominal Paracentesis

  • Procedure to remove fluid from the abdominal cavity for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes.

Ascites

  • Accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity.

  • Often linked to liver disease, heart failure, or malignancies.

Abdominal Hernias

  • Types include:

  • Femoral Hernia

  • Umbilical Hernia

  • Incisional Hernia

  • Inguinal Hernias: Direct and indirect.

Body Fluids

  • Distinction between intracellular and extracellular fluid components.

Word Parts: Body Fluids

  • crin/o, -crine: Secrete

  • dacry/o, lacrim/o: Tear, tearing, or crying

  • -emia: Condition of the blood

  • hem/o, hemat/o: Blood

  • hidr/o: Sweat or perspiration

  • hydr/o: Water

Word Parts: Body Fluids (Cont.)

  • lymph/o: Lymph

  • muc/o: Mucus

  • -poiesis: Production

  • -poietin: Substance that causes production

  • py/o: Pus

  • sial/o: Saliva (or salivary glands)

  • ur/o: Urine (or urinary tract)

Quick Quiz! What does sial/o mean?

  • A) Sodium

  • B) Saliva or salivary gland

  • C) Sweat

  • D) Cell(Correct Answer: B) Saliva or salivary gland

Word Parts: Blood

  • coagul/o: Coagulation

  • cyt/o: Cell

  • erythr/o: Red

  • hem/o, hemat/o: Blood

  • leuk/o: White

  • thromb/o: Clot

  • -cyte: Cell

  • -osis: Increased or abnormal when cellular components

  • -penia: Deficiency

  • -poiesis: Production

Hematoma

  • Collection of blood outside of blood vessels, often due to vessel rupture.

Blood Terminology

  • erythrocytosis: Increased red blood cell count.

  • erythrocytopenia: Decreased red blood cell count.

  • leukocytosis: Increased white blood cell count.

  • leukocytopenia: Decreased white blood cell count.

  • leukemia: Cancer of blood-forming tissues.

  • thrombocytosis: Increased platelet count.

  • thrombopenia: Decreased platelet count.

Additional Terminology

  • benign: Non-cancerous

  • malignant: Cancerous

  • metastasis, metastasize: Spread of cancer to other sites.

Metastasis of Cancer

  • Various pathways of cancer spread:

  • A: Direct extension into neighboring tissue.

  • B: Permeation along lymphatic vessels and nodes.

  • C: Embolism via blood vessels.

  • D: Invasion of body cavity by diffusion.