Global 9 Final Exam Review Sheet

Global 9 Final Exam Review Sheet

UNIT 1 EARLY CIVILIZATIONS:

*Paleolithic and Neolithic Era*

• Paleolithic=old Stone Age (before written language)
• Study this period by looking at artifacts + archaeological lists
• Examples of early human tech:

1. Bone needles
2. Hand ax (hunters)
3. Spear
4. Pottery (storage)

• Lascaux Cave: Sophisticated paintings here made by early humans
• Nomadic
• Not everywhere/ not all at once
• Survived off the land without altering land
• Small kinship groups (75-100 ppl) = unstable food supply
• Moved following food supply (nomadic)
• Egalitarian--no rich/poor and men=women
• Made tools + art
• Less stable food supply
• Shorter life spans + lower populations

* Agricultural Revolution* (Neolithic Revolution)

• 10,000 BCE (change)

1. Bc of climate change could farm + domestication instead of hunting and gathering

• More food=more population

1. Stable food supply= settled communities + beginnings of civilizations (main idea/big effect) (TURNING POINT)

• 10,000 years ago women scattered seeds=crops
• Change in climate (rising temp=long growing season + drier land)
• Farming methods:

1. Slash and burn: cut trees + grass and burn to clear field (ash=fertilized soil) (then plant new crops and move) (soon grow and new farmers come) (cycle repeats)

• Agriculture in Jarmo:

1. Zagros Mountains=birthplace of agriculture
2. New way of life (now env. bad tho before was good)

• Changeover happened many times
• Africa=Nile River; China=yellow river (millet--ew!); Peru = central andes; Mexico + Central Am.=corn; beans + squash

*Early Civilizations*

• Eastern Hemisphere: 4000-3000 BCE (first)

1. Mesopotamia, Nile River Valley, Indus River Valley, Shang civilization (in order)

• Western Hemisphere: 2500-1000 BCE (developed later)

1. Mesoamerica, Andean Region

• Civilizations develop where there are rivers + food surpluses
• Job specialization:

1. Increase in pop and food surpluses= job specialization
2. ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY= All successful civilizations have it
3. Villages turn into cities (increased pop)
4. Gov’ts were typically autocratic and the “elites” were supported by the labor of peasants and/or slaves (social hierarchy)

• Religion developed to explain the natural world and was dominated by “elites”
• Rulers often claimed divinity to reinforce gov’t legitimacy
• Writing systems communication is key in gov’t + record keeping/taxes
• Oracle bones (shang), cuneiform (sumer), Hieroglyphics (egypt), quipu (andes)= all are pictographs
• Five characteristics of a good civilization

1. Advanced cities
2. Specialized workers
3. Complex institutions
4. Record keeping
5. Improved technology

*Geography--Help or Hurt??*

• Egypt’s geography:

1. Seasonal flooding=special soil (bc very dry flooding is good) (help)
2. Desert protects from invasion (help)
3. Very dry (can’t farm: only can farm in Nile delta) (hurt)

• Summer’s geography:

1. Silt from seasonal flooding (fertile) (help)
2. Less reliable than Nile River (hurt)
3. Less flooding (hurt)
4. Death (hurt)
5. No natural barriers (prone to invasion) (hurt)

• People thought gods/goddesses were linked to weather/environment

*Domestication of Animals*

• Gatherers understand plants = farming; hunters understand animals (domestication)--slow process
• Hunters drove animals into rocky ravines to be killed--drove into human-made enclosures-- constant food sources + tame
• Pastoral nomads (wandering herders) = domesticated animals (traveled with them)

*Maintaining Power*

• Divinity
• Mesopotamian kings were divinely “chosen”
• Egyptian pharaohs were “living gods”
• Support of military=power
• Defend resources
• Maintain order/control ppl + conquest (more resources)
• Hierarchies form
• Monumental art + architecture to symbolize wealth + power

*Artifacts*

• Standard of Ur

1. From Mesopotamia and made of wood + precious materials (hollow wood box)
2. Shows peace and war
3. Shows the hierarchy and activities of ancient society

• Ziggurat of Ur

1. Worship, dedicated to moon god
2. Made of mud brink and bitumen
3. Still is standing
4. purpose: show off power (large and impressive)

• Oracle Bones:

1. Used to tell the future (communicate ancestors/deities)
   1. Used before major decisions
2. Justified whatever the king was saying
3. Part of divine right
4. Shang Dynasty

*Urbanization*

• Mohenjo-daro = Great bath (complex to build and know abt water management + measurements are huge)
• Sumerians needed to build canals to farm successfully
• Both prioritized hygiene and created tech. to solve problems

*Ethnocentrism*

• Favoring one ethnic group

UNIT 2: EARLY EMPIRES:

*Codification/Hammruabi’s Code:

• Codification=process of compiling existing laws/rules into one code
• Hammurabi’s Code= Made by Hammurabi and carved on a black stone monument (laws)
• Give insight into their beliefs

1. Ex. an eye for an eye (fairness)
2. United Mesopotamia in the Babylonian Empire
3. Punishment is often based on the social class of the victim (not always fair)
   1. Ex: less bad to hit a slave, only have to pay the owner

*Hinduism*

• Indian Ocean Complex- The Indian Ocean is home to major sea routes connecting the Middle East, Africa, and East Asia with Europe and the Americas. These vital sea routes (i) facilitate maritime trade in the Indian Ocean region
• Asoka’s edicts:

1. Mauryan Empire 3rd century BCE
2. Carved edicts into walls to unite people with Buddhist values
3. Asoka converted to Buddhism after…he witnessed the killing of many people in a war and saw the brutality of people

• Origin/ Historical Context:

1. Collapse of Indus Valley civilization
2. Aryan nomads migrate across the Hindu Kush
3. Records for the period are limited
4. The Vedas

• The primary historical record of the Vedic age
• Written in Sanskrit
• Epic stories that became the foundation of Hinduism
• Core beliefs:

1. Samsara:

• The cycle of reincarnation (until moksha)
• moksha= release from life in the world

1. Karma

• Action and reaction
• How you treat others comes back to you (follow the duties of your cast)

1. Dharma

• When a person dies their atman (soul) is reincarnated into a higher caste. The only way to move up to the next caste is to follow your current caste duties while on earth

1. Caste System

• Assigned at birth
• Need to follow the duties of your caste
• Dictated everything-- clothes, food, who you could talk to, etc
• Priests on top, servants on bottom

*Buddhism*

• Developed in India
• Formed bc caste system was unfair
• Core beliefs:

1. goal=nirvana=enlightenment + freedom from reincarnation
2. Founder=siddhartha (gautama aka buddha)
3. The four noble truths (answer to all sufferings of the world) (ppl have selfish desires)
4. Free yourself from selfish desires (solution) by following the Eightfold path
5. “Middle Way”= between self-denial and luxury

• Spreads in mainly South and East Asia
• Spread through:

1. Silk road
2. Trade routes (merchant = buddhism)
3. Cultural diffusion

*Citizenship in Greece/Rome*

• Patricians=wealthy landowners
• Plebeians=ordinary citizens with ordinary jobs
• Plebeians=not allowed to hold high-ranking govt positions, so tribunes were made
• Tribunes=assemblies formed by plebeians (right to elect representatives to protect rights)
• 509 BC=republic where citizens had the power to vote for their leaders

1. Only free-born men were allowed to vote

• 12 tables=written law code to ensure all free citizens had legal protection

1. public/private sphere

• Gov’t=2 consuls (commanded army + govt) (veto allowed)
• Senate=influence over domestic + foreign policies
• A dictator could be elected for six months (crisis)
• Army=important to protect land/expand territories
• Like Hammurabi’s code (legal system)
• Greece=direct democracy (came about in Greece)
• Every Roman has the right to get tried in a Roman court
• Select foreigners could own citizenship
• Julius Caesar appointed himself dictator=fall of the republic

*Legalism*

• Formed in China
• Based on the viewpoint that rulers need to maintain order through strict laws
• Highly efficient + powerful gov’t=key
• End civil dishonor; restore harmony
• ruler= $ rewards for obedient and harsh punishments for nonobedient
• Very controlling
• Shi Huang Di:

1. Emperor of Qin Dynasty
2. Extremely strict (burned Confucianism books)
3. Laid foundation for the Great Wall of China
4. Extreme Legalist

*Confucianism*

• Goal: Social order and stability
• Filial Piety (honoring family); 5 key relationships:

1. Ruler and subject
2. Father and son
3. Elder brother and younger brother
4. Husband and wife
5. Friend and friend

• Created during the Warring States period:

1. Rival Chinese states fighting for power
2. Longest war in China
3. Qin won

• Confucious started it
• Superior= individuals who possess wisdom, integrity, and courage
• Inferior= expected to practice filial piety and deference towards superior

UNIT 3: GOLDEN AGE CIVILIZATIONS:

GOLDEN AGE: A TIME WHERE A CIVILIZATION THRIVES WITH NEW TECHNOLOGIES AND IDEAS

*Pericles and the Greek Empire*

• Pericles was originally a military leader
• Athens=city state (formed Delian League)

1. Got from city-states to support troops

• Heavy on mythology
• Sparta=very militaristic; Athens=democratic

*Main Achievements*

• Gupta

1. Utilized Indian Ocean Zone of Interaction
2. Monsoon winds=good for trade (cheaper)
3. Standardized money
4. Math and science

• Han

1. Gunpowder
2. Civil service exam (educated govt)
3. Paper (spread of info)

• Greece/Rome

1. Twelve tables
2. Introduction to laws?

*Silk Road*

• Han Empire had control over it
• Advanced trade from China to the Roman Empire
• Made trade safe and facilitated it more
• A lot of cultural diffusion

*Consolidation of Power*

• Han tried to get rid of Confucianism
• Gupta=infrastructure
• Gupta=religious tolerance
• Roman Empire:

1. Road systems: allowed the army to go places easily
2. Military: feared for its discipline;
3. Bread and Circuses: Entertainment to get public appeal

*Alexander the Great*

• Wanted Egypt (the breadbasket of the Mediterranean)
• Took land from Greece-India
• Blended cultures and got people to assimilate
• Hellenistic Era
• He did not appoint a successor=chaos
• United Greece
• Courteous and a very good military leader
• No compassion for soldiers (bad)

UNIT 4: POST-CLASSICAL ERA:

*Fall of the Western Roman Empire*

• Christianity spreads across the Roman Empire

1. First persecution for Christianity, then tolerance, then acceptance
2. Christian belief in one god--not the emperor--weakened the authority of an emperor

• Political Crisis of the 3rd Century:

1. A lot of emperors over a short period (a lot of them got assassinated)
2. Difficult to address problems (causes citizens to lose faith)

• Diocletian= divide up east + west half
• Constantine= moved the capital east to Constantinople from Rome

1. Both of these backfire (the western half declines)

• Invasion by Barbarians:

1. Weakened by internal problems
2. People on the fringes take advantage of Rome’s vulnerability
3. Led to invasions of the Roman Empire

• Why was this a tp in world history?
• East=centralized gov’t; West=decentralized

1. Byzantine Empire (eastern half)

• Byzantine Empire:

1. Followed roman law
2. Under Justinian's rule
3. constantinople=strategic location (controls movement bet. Black Sea and med. sea) (crossroads of 3 continents) (has a lot of security)
4. Justinian created Justinian's code (peace + harmony)

• Great Schism:

1. Orthodox Christian Church vs RCC
2. RCC won at the end

• The only institution to survive the fall of the Roman Empire
• Organized like bureaucracy (network of bishops)
• Major unifying force
• Popes=all authority
• Internal Decline: political power struggles; not good leaders; ppl lost faith in gov’t; economic problems (taxes + unemployment)
• External Decline: wars + invasions (invaders establish kingdoms in Western Europe
• Lack of a central unifying govt
• No common language
• Decline in trade (isolated) (also not safe to travel)
• “EUROPE IS A BATTLEFIELD” “CHURCH WAS ALL POWERFUL”

*Western Europe--Feudalism + Manorialism*

• Lords had all the power
• Lord gave vassal smaller fiefs; Vassal gave lord allegiance
• Lord gave the serf production; Serf gave the lord farming/repairs
• Exchange = feudal contract
• Manorialism: economic portion of feudalism

1. Economic activities took place here
2. Self-sufficient (needed to be independent) (bc unsafe to trade)

*Crusades*

• Fight for the holy land (Jerusalem)
• Pope Urban ll calls for a crusade
• Europe was an all-powerful battlefield church
• Series of wars between Christians and Muslims
• Muslims won
• Effects
  • Pope and kings had more power
  • Revival of trade
  • Europeans started to trade with the Middle East (increase in cultural diffusion)
  • Medieval towns started to emerge

*Islam*

• Crossroads of 3 continents (Africa, Asia, Europe) (facilitated spread)
• Prophets also spread religion
• Treated conquered people very well (let them continue practicing their religion)
• Popular religion (no clergy)
• Shiities= Mohammed had chosen a successor (son-in-law) (wanted to follow bloodline)
• Sunni’s= Mohhamed had not chosen a successor
• 5 pillars

1. In the Quran, these are presented as a framework for worship and a sign of commitment to their faith

• The declaration of faith
• Prayer
• charity/alms
• Fasting
• The pilgrimage to Mecca

*Islam Golden Age*

• Trade flowed freely between the west and east
• Baghdad=center of the Arab Empire
• House of Wisdom= A lot of scholars come here
• A lot of advancements in medicine
• Architectural advancements
• During Abbasid Dynasty
• Sent envoys to other countries to gain knowledge of their teachings and then use them in their society

*Crusades*

• People move to medieval towns to make money
• Three Field Crop system

1. Rotation
2. T soil
3. More food=more ppl +trade
4. Looked outside of manor for stuff they couldn't produce (trade re-established)

• Guild=approval to sell certain good
• This all happened after soldiers saw how Islam worked during the Crusades

*African Trading States*

• Timbuktu=very wealthy city
• Follows trans saharan trade network
• Camels facilitate trade
• Salt preserves food (found in deserts)
• Arabic language (allows people to communicate)
• Mansa Musa traveled (hajj) (caused inflation) (built new institutions, libraries, etc.) (was very highly regarded; in 1375 Catalan atlas)
• Salt from the desert was traded with gold from cities (gold salt trade)

*Trade Routes/Networks*

• The Silk Road had a lot of cultural diffusion + new goods (ex. Silk, gunpowder, etc.)
• Trans Saharan Trade Route= Gold-Salt trade
• Indian Ocean Basin: ???

*Korea*

• Located on a peninsula on the eastern Pacific coast of the Eurasian continent (in between Japan and China)
• Cultural bridge and trade flourishes here
• Created Hangul language to be more independent and unified

*Tang/Song China*

• Civil service exam to build a good + educated gov’t structure
• Confucianism
• Large upper class (gentry)
• Silk Road trade + trade overseas
• Gun power producer
• Terraced farming
• Magnetic compass
• Printing press (movable type)

*Japan*

• Feudal society and the military, the samurai class, ruled
• The power of the emperor decreased
• Practiced buddhism and Confucianism
• Central gov’t failed Japan bc of archipelago barriers in a chain (barrier) and the huge size of Japan so they did feudalism
• Nobles in Kyoto focused on enjoying their wealthy lives instead of govern=bad gov’t

1. Because of this nobles in the countryside built their samurai armies to protect territories

• Shogun=supreme military commander
• Barter + Trade for exclusive resources (allowed for new religions to come in)
• The first novel ever was written here

*Mongols*

• Gain + maintain power

1. Steppes of Central Asia (easy to move ppl plus supplies plus armies) (no agriculture; only grass growth)
2. Himalayan Mountains (barriers/ obstacles for movement; so Mongols couldn’t conquer north + south)
3. Mongols started raiding to feed horses
4. Wanted China bc of its resources

• Used horses to rapidly travel across steppes
• 100% cavalry bc have access to a lot of horses
• Technology: composite bow + stirrup
• Religious Tolerance:

1. Brought in advisors from other lands (willing to gain new knowledge)
2. No taxation for religious leaders + public service
3. Genghis Khan set up an institution for religious tolerance

• Yam Messengers:

1. Gave its carrier the right to many forms of aid in Mongol Territory
2. Guarded Silk Road very carefully
3. Increased ties between eastern + western world

• Paper Money:

1. Created by the Song Dynasty
2. Easy to carry large amounts of but can lead to counterfeit/Inflation
3. Increased Trade

• Mongols also brought many diseases like the plague while conquering
• Slaughtered entire towns
• Didn't make a lot of architecture
• Under the Marco Polo was allowed to come to China:

1. Learned a lot and saw a lot of new things
2. Wrote a book
3. Visited China under Kublai Khan
4. Increased interconnectedness
5. Made Europe curious about what’s in China

• Pax Mongolia:

1. Increased trade between Europe and Asia

UNIT 5: EARLY MODERN ERA

*Mesoamerican Empires*

Aztec Empire

1. The 14,000-mile-long network of roads and bridges spanned the empire, traversing rugged mountains and harsh deserts.
2. Shelter homes called Tambos that provided shelter, water, and food for travelers
3. A system of runners, the cheques, traveled these roads as a postal service
4. All roads lead to the capital- Cuzco.

• Alliances

1. Pachacuti was an Incan ruler who conquered all of Peru and neighboring lands

• 80 provinces and 16 million people
• Incan were smart diplomats
• Before attacking, they would offer enemy states an honorable surrender
• They would allow them to keep their customs and rulers in exchange for loyalty to the Incan state
• Gained loyalty of many new territories
• Spanish Conquest

1. Conquistadors come to Mexico to take control of the Inca’s
2. Conquistadors are outnumbered, even though the conquistadors have horses and guns
3. Conquistadors win because they bring diseases like Smallpox and Chickenpox that wiped out almost 90% of all of the IncasCity Planning
4. Cities were built on water
5. Built dams, dykes, aqueducts, and chinampas
6. Used canoes for transporting goods around waterways
7. Causeway - a path through water to the city

• Chinampas

1. Chinampas were artificial islands of dirt piled on an anchored reed mat
2. Were used to grow corn, squash, beans, tomatoes, etc
3. Also used for housing

• Warfare - Aztec Conquering

1. In the 1200s and 1400s, the Mexicas(Aztecs) used conquests and alliances to build a vast empire.
2. Grew wealthy off of tribute from conquered groups
3. Empire conquered most of southern Mexico
4. Built Tenochtitlan as the capital city

• Spanish Conquest

1. In 1519 Cortez sailed from Cuba to Mexico with 500 men
2. If a tribe resisted Cortez, they were slaughtered
3. Montezuma ll invited Cortez to the Great Palace
4. The Spanish kidnapped Montezuma
5. Cortez left and came back with thousands more
6. Cortez and primarily disease wiped out 90% of the population

Inca Empire

• Terrace Farming

1. A system of agriculture where farming on a slope is possible

• Example of Inca adapting to the environment
• Increased the amount of land the Inca could farm on
• Provided healthy food consistently
• Combats simple problems - floods, etc.

- Mita System

1. The primary demand the Incan state placed on its subjects was for tribute in the form of labor.
2. The labor tribute system was known as Mita

• Required non-disabled citizens to work for the state a certain number of days every year
• Mita workers might labor on state farmlands, produce craft goods for state warehouses, or help with public works projects.
• Road System

1. Allowed easy movement of troops to bring control to areas of the empire where trouble might occur
2. Later prompted Spaniards to bring Africans because of the high demand for slaves and the low number of war prisoners like the Incas

*Renaissance*

• A period of intense artistic and intellectual activity that incorporated a rebirth of classical Greek and Roman culture(These ideas didn’t spread to Europe until the 16th century)

1. Renaissance starts in about the 1300s
2. In the mid-1400s, Johann Gutenberg invented the printing press
3. 1504, Michalndo’s “David.”
4. 1564, William Shakespeare is born

• Why Italy?

1. They are a peninsula.
2. A lot of trade with the middle-east
   • • • Middle-east has so many trade networks all over
         • Silk road trade
         • Indian Ocean
         • Medd. sea
         • Trans Saharan
         • Ect.
3. They are a big trade country—Venice.
4. Central banking—Florence (Note: Birthplace of Renaissance because of banking)

• Major increase in trade

1. Banks allowed merchants to travel lightly

• Need upfront money/capital

- Renaissance values and architecture

1. Humanism—key value

• It originates from an Athenian culture
• Focus on the individual—focus on the here and now/what is happening at that given moment.
• The potential of the human individual to do great things

1. Patronage

• Idea of sponsoring
• Rich and powerful people—like the Medici family, a family in Florence who made money from banking—pay artisans to paint something

1. (Note: this gave so much perspective of the time)

c) New subjects in Renaissance art

• Scenes from daily life
• Partons
• Classical Greek or Roman culture
• Religious art

- How was Gutenburg’s Press a turning point in history?

1. Reduced cost of books
2. Easy translations
3. Books became common/increased accessibility
4. Published in the vernacular

• (Language spoken at the given moment)

1. Books became validated
2. Let classical culture be restored—increased knowledge

- About the RCC at this time

-Pope Julius the Second was dead

-Still a very Christian culture

- Popes are, above all else

• • • RCC still has mass power
    • The Medichi’s used the church for validation
• Selfish
• Corrupt

- Problems in Europe

1. Lack jobs
2. Poverty
3. Hunger
4. Inequity
5. Sickness
6. Education

• Martin Luther

1. Monk, teacher, and scholar
2. Posts 95 theses publicly—called out Indulgences
3. Luther’s desire for debate and reform

• How does the RCC react to Martin Luther's posting of the 95 Theses

1. The pope—has many followers—and local leaders—using the divine right—were upset because it was a threat to their power
2. The pope threatened to excommunicate him

- It doesn’t work because of humanism—fewer people value the church as their main priority.

1. Holy Roman Empire puts him on trial
2. His ideas spread due to the printing press

*Zheng He/ Ming Dynasty*

• Zheng, He’s Voyages

1. Defeated the Mongols in a rebellion to restore Chinese rule
2. Government-sponsored voyages of exploration
   • • Economic motive
     • Zheng He is chosen to lead these voyages of exploration
       • Explores all over the Indian Ocean
       • The junk ships are 4x the size of the Spanish ships
         • By bringing a whole fleet of these ships it shows power and prestige

• Tribute System
  • Foreign officials traveled with Zeng He’s fleet
  • Brought tribute and kowtowed to the Ming Emperor in return for trade goods
  • Kowtowing - bowing down to the ruler
    • Sucking up
    • Shows they are lower
    • People do it in exchange for trade with the Chinese
• Isolation
  • Ethnocentrism
    • China describes the people they trade with as barbaric
    • China sees trade as a waste because they don’t want cultural diffusion
      • China becomes isolated
      • They want to protect Chinese tradition
    • In 1431, the Ming Emperor returned China to isolationism
      • Ends all voyages of exploration and trade with outsiders
  • The decline of the Ming Dynasty begins
  • Japan adapts “closed country policy” - isolationism

*Ottoman Empire*

• Ottoman Turks conquer Constantinople
  • Cannons were used—New, huge cannons
  • Went around the sea chain
• They were able to rise because they took over Constantinople
  • Constantinople acted as a trophy of power
• Suleiman
  • Does not conquer Constantinople
    • Rises 16th century
  • He rose during the height of the Ottomans—and became emperor
  • Ruled over one of the most orderly periods of Ottoman history
  • He is known as Suleiman The Magnificent to outsiders and Lawgiver to his Ottoman subjects
    • The Lawgiver
      • Enforced Shariah (Sacred Islamic Code)
      • Created another legal law code called Kanuns which covered criminal law, land inheritance, and taxation—significant because the code lasted 300+ years
      • Punished corrupt officials—especially over heavy taxation
      • Protected Jewish people from persecution
    • The Magnificent
      • Created schools for Muslims
      • He built solid forts and defended the territories he conquered
      • Built many mosques, bridges, aqueducts, and other public works
      • Transformed Constantinople into the new Islamic center of the Ottoman Empire

*Age of Exploration*

• 3 G’s
  • Glory
    • The excitement of an adventure and learning about land outside of Europe
    • Increase in reputation and power
  • God
    • The Catholic Reformation resulted in many missionaries looking to save and convert people.
    • They wanted to gain followers because they took a hit from the Protestant Reformation.
  • Gold
    • Gold, spices, silk, and other valuable goods were desired along a sea route to Asia.
    • Goods -> Wealth -> Power
• Ottoman Conquest of the Middle East
  • Ottoman Empire controlled the Middle East
    • Spain and Portugal couldn't trade efficiently
      • Spain and Portugal look for alternate trade routes
• Portuguese and Spanish Exploration
  • Why does European exploration begin at this place and time?
    • Scientific Revolution
      • Inventions make traveling easier
        • Guns

Protection and Conquest

• • • • • Compass

Navigational technology

Better travel

• • • • • Caravel

Better ship design

Faster and more durable

• • • Muslim merchants have control of trade routes
    • Needing to spread Catholicism
    • Inspiration from Marco Polo’s book
    • Portugal and Spain are next to the Atlantic Ocean and want an alternate trade route to Asia.

The Encounter and Impact

• Spanish conquest & colonization
  • Diseases killed the rulers and millions more
  • Guns and horses
    • Better/stronger fighting
  • Civil War
    • Some empires like the Inca had internal conflict
• Impact on Native Americans
  • Native American population of Mexico decreases drastically
  • Went from 25 million to 2 million
    • Natives lose power because Europeans invade and kill them
      • Diseases, etc.
• Columbian Exchange
  • Columbus’s voyage connected the Americas, Europe, and Africa in a web of exchange that transformed the environments of the Eastern Hemisphere and the Western Hemisphere
  • New food was introduced to the WH
    • Improved diets and increased trade
  • European Monarchs sought to establish control over these resources through conquest and colonization
  • State Conflict
    • Scramble for overseas empire
  • European monarchs look to expand their wealth and power via the establishment of overseas empires
  • Eastern Hemisphere increases in population
  • Western Hemisphere decreases in population
  • Europeans have new goods like coffee, chocolate, and sugar
  • Americas were built and developed and became European empires
  • Africans are enslaved
  • Social hierarchies are incorporated into the Americas
  • European explorers ask their home countries for slaves
  • Europe/Spain uses the Castas
  • Columbus’s voyage connected the Americas, Europe, and Africa in a web of exchange that transformed the environment of the Eastern and Western Hemispheres.
    • Easter Hemisphere=Old world
    • Western Hemisphere=New world
    • Increased interconnectedness
    • Biological effects
      • Both positive and negative
  • Biological exchange
    • New food and fiber crops were introduced to Eurasia and Africa, improving diet and increasing trade
      • The first wave of European colonialism
    • Important things traded
      • Potatoes(WH)
        • Stable crop=food supply
      • Diseases
        • For example, smallpox—so many tribes were wiped out by disease
      • Pigs
        • Easy to maintain

Eat anything and reproduce very quickly

• • • • • Stable food community
    • European Monarchs look to expand their wealth and power by establishing overseas colonies
• Smallpox
  • Comes to the Americas from Europe
  • Becomes main disease
    • Kills an estimated 90% of Native Americans
    • Kills Inca and/or Aztec leaders
      • Spanish can gain power in the Americas
  • Goes back to Europe and kills even more
• Encomienda system
  • The Spanish enslaved Native Americans, forcing them to work within a system called the encomiendas
    • Natives farmed, ranched, or mined for Spanish landlords
    • These landlords had received the rights to the native's labor from Spanish authorities
    • The holders of encomiendas promised the Spanish rulers that they would act fairly and respect the workers
    • However, many abused the natives and worked laborers to death
• Atlantic Slave Trade
  • The racial hierarchy was formed in the Americas by the Spanish
    • Known as the Castas
      • This is about maintaining power.
        • They keep track of the amount of Spanish blood you have
      • What events led up to the creation of the castes?
        • Spanish conquest + colonization of South + Central America and parts of the Caribbean
        • Development of the Atlantic Slave Trade
        • Columbus’s arrival in the Caribbean
        • Columbian exchange
  • Spanish forced the Indigenous people of Southern America to collect cocoa
  • Spanish abuse power
    • Leads to troubles in colonial era
  • Slave trading increases drastically
• European Competition
  • More European nations like England try to gain land and power in the Americas
    • Competition becomes evident
    • Portugal was one of the main countries in the exploration of the Americas, but it only had control over what is now Brazil
    • Spain had control over the Caribbean and most other Central and Southern American countries
      • Why most countries there speak Spanish and Brazil speaks Portuguese

*Age of Absolutism*

• Divine Right of Kings
  • Kings are given rule/power from God
    • Gods are what made absolute monarchs legitimate
    • God also regulates or checks the power of the absolute monarch
• Louis XIV
  • “I am the state” - Louis XIV
  • He was very wealthy
    • From conquest in North America and taxes
  • Uses divine right to justify his rule
  • Spends money on wars, art(patron), and Versailles Palace
  • Unified the nation in the religion he followed by force
  • Kept nobles in check by having them with him in his palace
• Sun King
  • What Louis XIV was known as
    • “Planets revolve around him”
• Versailles Palace
  • Outside Paris
  • City-like
  • Fountains, theaters, gardens, and the Hall of Mirrors
  • All resources(wealth) controlled by the state(king)
  • Symbol of his(King Louis XIV) personal wealth and power
• Peter the Great
  • Transforms Russia into a world power
  • He dramatically expanded Russia using his modern weaponry and personally built an armada
  • Gains a bit of territory that borders the Baltic Sea
    • Access to trade
• St. Petersburg
  • Builds capital—St. Petersburg—near the Baltic Sea
    • St. Petersburg was modeled after France’s Versailles
      • Shows France that they are also a world power
• Westernization of Russia
  • Expands and modernizes the military
  • Beard tax to force nobility to comply
  • Russians adopt similar values and customs to Europeans
• English Rejection of Absolutism
  • The Tudors
    • Henry VIII
    • Elizabeth I
      • Start England on the path of absolutism but there are some roadblocks(parliament and Magna Carta)
  • The Stuarts
    • James I
    • Charles I (James’s son)
      • Ignore parliament
  • English Civil War
    • Parliament wins and executes the king
    • Cromwell becomes leader of parliament
    • Puritans(strict protestants) control parliament
    • Sports, theater, drinking, gambling, and Christmas traditions are banned by parliament
  • The Restoration
    • Parliament is too strict and moral for most
    • The monarchy is restored to England
    • James the Second becomes king and is to rule with Parliament
    • James the Second is catholic and tries to be another absolute monarch
• The Glorious Revolution
  • William and Mary signed the English Bill of Rights in return for the crown.
  • England's parliamentary monarchy(limited rather than absolute)
  • England rejects absolutism in the form of the English Civil War, restoration, and Glorious Revolution

*Enlightenment*

• Louis XIV kept nobles at Versailles, where he allowed them to stay (kept a watch over them to maintain his power)
• The social contract: gov’t protects people’s natural rights and people have to obey the laws
• Bossuet=Religious (divine right) (absolutism) (conservative)
• Hobbes--Philosophical (Rational absolutism) (conservative)
• Locke--Philosophical + Biblical (constitutionalism) (Moderate)
• Rousseau and Jefferson (Radicals)
• Equality instead of hierarchy
• Freedom over censorship
• Reason over revelation
• Enlightenment Despots (rulers who agree with Enlightenment ideas)
• Historical Context: Science Revolution
• “People were born with god given rights”--Locke
• Still very religious but don’t justify everything with the bible
• Hobbes=thinks that all men are evil so we need an absolute monarchy
• Locke=Govt still needed in place bc people can be good or evil based on the environment
• Diderot’s Encyclopedia provided regular people with access to info which gave ppl the ability to question authority

*Peter the Great and Catherine The Great*

• Peter the Great:

1. St. Petersburg=part of the Baltic “road” to Europe (more trade)
2. Not a warm water port
3. Defeats Sweden to get St. Petersburg

• Westernization of Russia:

1. Creates a navy (modern)
2. Brings back a lot of European culture
3. Westernization (ex. Beard tax)

• Transforms the upper level of Russian society and forced nobles to adapt to the new tech of Western Europe
• Catherine the Great:

1. Enlightenment Despot
2. Still had slaves (did not give them natural rights)
3. Provided (wealthy) girls education

*French Rev.*

• Reign of Terror (1793-1794):

1. Robespierre - lawyer & spokesman for Revolutions

• Believed and Embraced Enlightenment ideals
• Was called the Incorruptible
• Used tactics like Guillotine
• Killed 40,000 people who were suspected of working against the Revolution
• 1793- Britain, Prussia, Netherlands, & Spain were at war with France

1. Committee of Public Safety

• Killed Robespiere with the Guillotine

Themes for Essay

Political systems

Inequality

Geography

Social classes