Untitled Flashcards Set

1. Assimilation

• Definition: The process by which a sound changes to become more like a nearby sound in connected speech.

• Example: "input" pronounced as [\u026anp\u028at] instead of [\u026anp\u028at].

2. Elision

• Definition: The omission of a sound in rapid speech.

• Example: "friendship" pronounced as [fr\u025bn\u0283\u026ap] instead of [fr\u025bnd\u0283\u026ap].

3. Linking

• Definition: The insertion of a sound between words to maintain smooth speech flow.

4. Intrusion

• Definition: The insertion of an extra sound between words, usually /r/, /w/, or /j/.

5. Flapping

• Definition: The pronunciation of /t/ and /d/ as a quick, soft tap of the tongue against the alveolar ridge in American English.

6. Glottalization

• Definition: The replacement of /t/ with a glottal stop [\u0294] in some dialects.

  7. Weak Forms

• Definition: The unstressed pronunciation of certain function words.

• Example: "to" pronounced as [t\u0259] instead of [tu].

8. Stress and Rhythm in Connected Speech

• Definition: The pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in speech.

9. Sentence Intonation

• Definition: The rise and fall of pitch in speech to convey meaning.

1. Stops (Plosives)

• Definition: Sounds produced by completely stopping the airflow in the vocal tract, followed by a sudden release.

• Examples in English:

  • Voiceless: /p/ (pat), /t/ (tap), /k/ (cat)

  • Voiced: /b/ (bat), /d/ (dog), /ɡ/ (go)

2. Fricatives

• Definition: Sounds produced by forcing air through a narrow constriction, creating a turbulent, hissing sound.

• Examples in English:

  • Voiceless: /f/ (fish), /θ/ (thin), /s/ (see), /ʃ/ (she)

  • Voiced: /v/ (van), /ð/ (this), /z/ (zoo), /ʒ/ (measure)

3. Affricates

• Definition: Sounds that begin as stops and end as fricatives—there is a complete closure followed by a slow release of air.

• Examples in English:

  • Voiceless: /tʃ/ (chop)

  • Voiced: /dʒ/ (jump)

4. Glides (Semivowels)

• Definition: Sounds that are similar to vowels but function as consonants. They involve a smooth transition of the tongue.

• Examples in English:

  • /w/ (we)

  • /j/ (yes)

5. Nasals

• Definition: Sounds produced by allowing air to pass through the nose while the mouth is closed.

• Examples in English:

  • /m/ (man)

  • /n/ (nice)

  • /ŋ/ (sing)