IH Biology 23-24 Spring Semester Exam Review

IH Biology 22-23 Spring Semester Exam Review

Always read the instructions, figures, and questions.
Read all the possible answers.
Choose the Best answer.

Topics/Concepts:

Genetics

Blood Types - Punnett’s Square – Blood Type I_A, I_{B, ii.} (Dominate, Recessive, Codominant) (Homozygous, Hetrozygous) (P₁, F₁, F₂)

Dihybrid Crosses

Multiple alleles

Sex-linked alleles

Pedigrees - Pedigree Chart (Sex Linked)

Evolution (Species change over time to “fit” in their environment) (Speciation)

Darwin’s Theory of natural selection

Horse evolution

Finch speciation

Coloration vs Pollution

Pesticide Resistance

Types of selection (stabilizing, disruptive, directional)

Cladograms

Homologous structures (Structure and Function)

Rock layers (Older is deeper, watch out for shifts in layers caused by earthquakes after deposition)

Fossils’ relative age

Tectonic shifts

Gradualism vs Punctuated equilibrium

Mechanisms of evolution

Gene flow

Genetic drift

Bottleneck effect

Founder effect

Allele frequency

Adaptation (The fittest survive and produce more fit offspring)

Selection (Stabilizing, Disruptive, Directional, Exponential)

Populations

Carrying capacity (The largest amount a system can hold without competition for limited resources)

Defense

Viruses (How they use the host cell, Not affected by antibiotics)

Life cycle

HIV/AIDS

Immune Response (Helper T-Cells, B Cells, etc.)(Before and after vaccination)

Macrophages

Helper T Cells

Antibodies

Primary immune response vs Secondary immune response

Taxonomy

Species

Classification

Characteristics of Kingdoms (and prokaryotes vs eukaryotes)

Plants

Parts of a flower

Vascular tissue

Plant hormones

Phototropism, gravitropism, thigmotropism

Seed adaptations

Leaf adaptations

Photosynthesis

Ecology

Biomes

Plant and animal adaptations

Cycle of Interdependence (Photosynthesis vs Respiration)

Biogeochemical cycles

Carbon Cycle

Nitrogen Cycle

Nutrients in soil

Organisms in an ecosystem

Food webs

Trophic levels

Energy Flow

Food chains

Pyramids (Energy, Numbers, Biomass)

Symbiosis (Mutualism, Commensalism, Parasitism, Competition, Predation)

Pollution

Dead zones

Biomagnification

Vocabulary

Genotype

Phenotype

Allele

Dominant

Recessive

Natural selection

Mutation

Taxonomy/taxonomic

Speciation

Extinction

Inbreeding

Epidemic

Pathogen

Insecticide

Selection pressure

Competition

Exponential growth

Tetrapods

Common ancestor

Tectonic plates

Fossil record

Primitive

Enzyme

Emigration

Immigration

Vaccination

Antibiotics

Host cell

Antibodies

Memory B cells

Macrophages

Helper T cells/T-helper cell

Contaminated

Digestive system

Circulatory system

Immune system

Infectious diseases

Habitat

Fertile offspring

Common name

Class

Order

Family

Genus

Species name

Anatomy

Biogeography

Unicellular

Multicellular

Cell wall

Nuclear membrane

Mitochondria

Cellulose

Solar energy

Chemical energy

Drought

Testes

Embryo

cross-fertilization

Fungicide

Stomata

Transpiration

Xylem

Phloem

Facilitated diffusion

Auxins

Gibberellins

Ethylene

Herbicides

Biome

ATP

C₆H₁₂O₆

O₂

H₂O

CO₂

Reactant

Product

Lactic acid

Hydrolysis

Aerobic respiration

Equilibrium

Nitrogen fixing

Nitrate

Producer

Decomposition

Phytoplankton

Fertilizer

Terrestrial

Combustion

Erosion

Climax succession

Pioneer succession