People: The basic component of society; without people, society cannot exist.
Territory: A specific area occupied by people who live in clusters and identify as belonging to that area.
Interaction: Daily encounters between community members that foster societal improvement.
Common Values: Shared values among members strengthen ties and promote goals such as respect, honesty, commitment, and integrity.
Family: One of the primary social institutions.
Religious Institutions: Contribute to community cohesion.
Rural: Characterized by lower population density and a countryside setting.
Urban: High population density and developed infrastructure.
Suburban: Areas that are residential, often surrounding urban centers.
Physical factors: Geography environment community size industrial development.
Social and cultural factors: belief tradition prejudices economy politics religion social norms socio economic status.
Community Organization: goal setting mobilization resources implementation of strategies.
Individual behavior : herd immunity
Defined as a choice and a way of life, and represents a state of well-being.
Global Health: Focuses on worldwide health improvement and addressing disparities.
Illness: Personal experience of feeling unwell.
Sickness: Community perception of an illness.
Disease: Medical diagnosis indicating a pathological condition.
Death: Absence of life and vital processes.
Impairment: a loss or abnormality of a person's physiological, psychological, or anatomical structure or function.
Functional Limitation: a restriction in an individual's ability to perform basic tasks.
Discomfort: feeling of being uncomfortable or distressed, either physically or mentally.
Disability: a restriction or lack of ability to perform an activity in a normal way.
Handicap: Disadvantage preventing normal role fulfillment.
Clinical Care: anything relating to the direct medical treatment or testing of patients. ▪ it includes diagnosis, treatment, hospitalization, prescriptions, and other costs associated with patient care
Determinants: an element that identifies or determines the nature of something or that fixes or conditions an outcome
Epidemic: an epidemic is a sudden or unexpected increase in the number of people with a disease in a specific population or area.
Disease Outbreak: is the occurrence of cases of disease more than what would normally be expected in a defined community, geographical area or season
Health Outcomes: are changes in a person's health status that are caused by a treatment, lifestyle, or intervention. ▪ They can be measured through physical exams, lab tests, or selfreports.
Health Promotion: a process of empowering individuals and communities to take control of factors affecting their health, aiming to improve overall well-being by implementing strategies that address the root causes of disease through education, environmental changes, and supportive policies, going beyond just individual behavior change to encompass broader social and environmental determinants of health
Acute Illness: Sudden onset, often severe, usually short-lived.
Chronic Illness: Long-lasting conditions that often persist throughout a person's life.
Symptom Experience
Assumption of Sick Role
Medical Care Contact
Dependent Patient Role
Recovery & Rehabilitation
General Conditions: Socio-economic, cultural, and environmental factors.
Work and Living Environment: Influences health through conditions experienced.
Social Networks: Impact health behavior through support systems.
Health-care Services: The quality and accessibility of services directly affect health.
Biostatistics
Communication
Advocacy
Epidemiology
Health Policy & Management
Leadership
Advocacy
Communication
Management
Community/ Cultural Orientation
Professional and Ethics
Critical Analysis
Health Protection
1) Enforce laws and regulations
2) Protect the environment and workplaces
3) Diagnose and investigate health problem
Health Services
4) Assure a competent health services workforce
5) Evaluate health services
6) Link people to needed heath services
7) Develop policies and plans
Health Improvement
8) Inform, educate and empower
9) Monitor the health status of the population
10) Mobilize community action
Define and Monitor the Problem - Surveillance, what is the problem
Identify Risk and protective factors - research causes/factors, what is the cause
Develop and test prevention strategies - design implement evaluate, what works and for whom
Assure widespread adoption - promote and scale up effective programs and policies, hwo do you do it
Assessment - systematically collect analyze and make available information on healthy communities
Policy Development - promote the use of a scientific knowledge base on policy and decision making
Assurance - ensure provision of services to those in need
Assessment
Monitor Health
Diagnose and Investigate
Policy Development
Inform educate empower
Mobilize community partnership
develop policies
Assurance
Evaluate
Assure Competent Workforce
Link to provide care
Enforce laws
Control of infectous dieseases
Family planning
Healthier mothers and babies
Motor Vehicle safety
Tobacco as health hazard
Declines in deaths in heart disease and stroke
Flouridation of drinking water
immunization
safe and healthier foods
workplaces safety
Expanding agenda
Grounded in science
Uncommon culture
Focus on prevention
Link with government
inherently political nature
social justice philosophy
Primordial: Targets social and economic policies affecting helth
Primary: Targets risk factors leading to injury/disease (safety belt laws or vaccination)
Secondary: Prevents injury/disease once exposure to risk factors occurs but still in early preclinical stage
Tertiary: Rehabilitating persons with injury/disease to reduce complications (vocational rehab to retrain workers after injury)
Individual
Family
Population Group
Community
Bioethics: Autonomy, liberty, privacy, individuals
Public Health Ethics: common good paternalism protection society
Bioethics and PH ethics: Critical ethics human rights societal goals involving individual input
Clinical Ethics
Focus in individual patient provider interactions
individual liberty autonomy
authority vested In prestige of physician and medical profession
patient consent
beneficence and non-malifence
justice
Public Health Ethics
Focus on population institutions communities
interdependence of people
authority vested In the police powers of states
societal consent through the political process public engagement
social good and avoiding social harm
social justice and equity