CPH-Week-2-vital aspects of public health.

Elements of Community

• People: The basic component of society; without people, society cannot exist.

• Territory: A specific area occupied by people who live in clusters and identify as belonging to that area.

• Interaction: Daily encounters between community members that foster societal improvement.

• Common Values: Shared values among members strengthen ties and promote goals such as respect, honesty, commitment, and integrity.

Basic Social Institutions

• Family: One of the primary social institutions.

• Religious Institutions: Contribute to community cohesion.

Classification of Communities

• Rural: Characterized by lower population density and a countryside setting.

• Urban: High population density and developed infrastructure.

• Suburban: Areas that are residential, often surrounding urban centers.

Factors Affecting Community Health

• Physical factors: Geography environment community size industrial development.

• Social and cultural factors: belief tradition prejudices economy politics religion social norms socio economic status.

• Community Organization: goal setting mobilization resources implementation of strategies.

• Individual behavior : herd immunity

Wellness

• Defined as a choice and a way of life, and represents a state of well-being.

Key Terms

• Global Health: Focuses on worldwide health improvement and addressing disparities.

• Illness: Personal experience of feeling unwell.

• Sickness: Community perception of an illness.

• Disease: Medical diagnosis indicating a pathological condition.

• Death: Absence of life and vital processes.

• Impairment: a loss or abnormality of a person's physiological, psychological, or anatomical structure or function.

• Functional Limitation: a restriction in an individual's ability to perform basic tasks.

• Discomfort: feeling of being uncomfortable or distressed, either physically or mentally.

• Disability: a restriction or lack of ability to perform an activity in a normal way.

• Handicap: Disadvantage preventing normal role fulfillment.

• Clinical Care: anything relating to the direct medical treatment or testing of patients. ▪ it includes diagnosis, treatment, hospitalization, prescriptions, and other costs associated with patient care

• Determinants: an element that identifies or determines the nature of something or that fixes or conditions an outcome

• Epidemic: an epidemic is a sudden or unexpected increase in the number of people with a disease in a specific population or area.

• Disease Outbreak: is the occurrence of cases of disease more than what would normally be expected in a defined community, geographical area or season

• Health Outcomes: are changes in a person's health status that are caused by a treatment, lifestyle, or intervention. ▪ They can be measured through physical exams, lab tests, or selfreports.

• Health Promotion: a process of empowering individuals and communities to take control of factors affecting their health, aiming to improve overall well-being by implementing strategies that address the root causes of disease through education, environmental changes, and supportive policies, going beyond just individual behavior change to encompass broader social and environmental determinants of health

Types of Illness/Disease

• Acute Illness: Sudden onset, often severe, usually short-lived.

• Chronic Illness: Long-lasting conditions that often persist throughout a person's life.

Stages of Illness Behavior**

1. Symptom Experience

2. Assumption of Sick Role

3. Medical Care Contact

4. Dependent Patient Role

5. Recovery & Rehabilitation

Determinants of Health and Disease

• General Conditions: Socio-economic, cultural, and environmental factors.

• Work and Living Environment: Influences health through conditions experienced.

• Social Networks: Impact health behavior through support systems.

• Health-care Services: The quality and accessibility of services directly affect health.

Public Health Core Competencies

• Biostatistics

• Communication

• Advocacy

• Epidemiology

• Health Policy & Management

Doctor of Public Health Domains

• Leadership

• Advocacy

• Communication

• Management

• Community/ Cultural Orientation

• Professional and Ethics

• Critical Analysis

Public Health System Activities

• Health Protection

  • 1) Enforce laws and regulations

  • 2) Protect the environment and workplaces

  • 3) Diagnose and investigate health problem

• Health Services

  • 4) Assure a competent health services workforce

  • 5) Evaluate health services

  • 6) Link people to needed heath services

  • 7) Develop policies and plans

• Health Improvement

  • 8) Inform, educate and empower

  • 9) Monitor the health status of the population

  • 10) Mobilize community action

Public Health Approach

1. Define and Monitor the Problem - Surveillance, what is the problem

2. Identify Risk and protective factors - research causes/factors, what is the cause

3. Develop and test prevention strategies - design implement evaluate, what works and for whom

4. Assure widespread adoption - promote and scale up effective programs and policies, hwo do you do it

Core Functions of Public Health**

• Assessment - systematically collect analyze and make available information on healthy communities

• Policy Development - promote the use of a scientific knowledge base on policy and decision making

• Assurance - ensure provision of services to those in need

Essential Services

• Assessment

  • Monitor Health

  • Diagnose and Investigate

• Policy Development

  • Inform educate empower

  • Mobilize community partnership

  • develop policies

• Assurance

  • Evaluate

  • Assure Competent Workforce

  • Link to provide care

  • Enforce laws

Public Health Achievments

• Control of infectous dieseases

• Family planning

• Healthier mothers and babies

• Motor Vehicle safety

• Tobacco as health hazard

• Declines in deaths in heart disease and stroke

• Flouridation of drinking water

• immunization

• safe and healthier foods

• workplaces safety

Public Health Unique Features

• Expanding agenda

• Grounded in science

• Uncommon culture

• Focus on prevention

• Link with government

• inherently political nature

• social justice philosophy

Levels of Prevention

• Primordial: Targets social and economic policies affecting helth

• Primary: Targets risk factors leading to injury/disease (safety belt laws or vaccination)

• Secondary: Prevents injury/disease once exposure to risk factors occurs but still in early preclinical stage

• Tertiary: Rehabilitating persons with injury/disease to reduce complications (vocational rehab to retrain workers after injury)

Levels of Clientele

1. Individual

2. Family

3. Population Group

4. Community

Ethical Values in Public Health

• Bioethics: Autonomy, liberty, privacy, individuals

• Public Health Ethics: common good paternalism protection society

• Bioethics and PH ethics: Critical ethics human rights societal goals involving individual input

Clinical Ethics vs. Public Health Ethics

• Clinical Ethics

  • Focus in individual patient provider interactions

  • individual liberty autonomy

  • authority vested In prestige of physician and medical profession

  • patient consent

  • beneficence and non-malifence

  • justice

• Public Health Ethics

  • Focus on population institutions communities

  • interdependence of people

  • authority vested In the police powers of states

  • societal consent through the political process public engagement

  • social good and avoiding social harm

  • social justice and equity