1. Biodiversity - wide variaty of practice

2. Species - groups of actually or potentially interbreeding natural populations that are reproductive from other groups

3. Population - organisms that belong to a particular place at a given time

4. Isolating Mechanisms - population of species become separated from the main group due to either time or geography they divelop different traits

Different Concepts of species

• Biological - can actually or potentially interbreed

• Morphological - identical features or appearance

• Ecological - share the same resources

• Phylogenic - shared unique genetic history, evolutionary, relationship

5. Taxonomy - branch of science that groups and names living organisms

6. Asexual Reproduction - one parent

7. Aristotle

   • First person who attempted to classify organisms

   • SUbdivided plants into three groups shrubs, herbs, and trees

   • Subdivided animals into their habitat air, water, and land

8. Carl Linnae (carolus linnaus

   • Swedish Botanist

   • Proposed a systematic process of classifying and naming organisms

   • Developed binomial nomenclature

9. Order of classifications

   • Domain

   • Kingdom

   • Phylum

   • Class

   • Order

   • Family

   • Genus

   • Species

10. Systems of classifications

• Kent - Australia or Brazil

• Nam Doc - Thailand

• Glenn - Italy or US

• Manga - Philippines

5. Systems of classification

   • International commission of zoological nomenclature (ICZN) Animals

   • International Code of nomenclature (ICN) - algae, fungi, plants

   • International code of nomenclature of cultivated plants (ICNCP) - cultivated plants

• Animalia - actively mobile heterotrophic multicellular and eukaryotic

• Chordata - Backbone

• Homo - human like features

• Mammalia - covered with hair and breasts that are used by the female in feeding young

• Sapiens - Wise

• Primates - Erect - vuses only hind legs

12. Binomial systems of naming

    • Species Plantarum

    • 6000 Plants

    • Two part scientific name

13. Domain

• Bacteria - Small single celled organisms

• Archea - microorganisms that live in extreme environments

• Eukarya/Eukaryota - Plantae, Animalia, Fungi, Protista

14. Kingdom (under kingdom eukarya)

    • Plantae - all the plants

    • Animalia - all animals

    • Fungi all microorganisms such as yeasts, moulds, and mushrooms

    • Protista - a group of eukaryotes that are not fungi, animals, or plants

1. Ecosystems - A place where organisms interact with each other.

   • Ecology - study of interactions between organisms

   • Ernst Haeckel - likened earth to a big household where all organisms interact

2. Ecology’s level of organization

   • Individual

   • population

   • community

   • ecosystem

   • biome

   • biosphere

3. Biomes - highest level or organization

   • Tropical rainforest - located between tropic of cancer and tropic of capricorn

   • Temperate rainforest - found between the polar regions and the tropics and has 4 seasons

   • Boreal forest - conifer hardwood forest type

   • Desert - arid and dry

   • Savanna - comes from the word zavanna “treeless plain”

   • Grassland - vegetation is dominated than large shrubs or trees

   • Marine - oceans, corals, reefs, and estuaries

   • Freshwater - less than 1% salt water concentration

   • Tundra - coldest biome

4. Ecosystems

   • Mutualism - both benefit

   • Commensalism - one benefit and the other is not harmed

   • Parasitism - one benefit and the other is harmed

   • Predation - one acts as predator and one acts as prey

   • Competition - territory

1. The digestive system

   • Mouth - food entry

   • Teeth - mechanical grinding

   • Tongue - mixing (bolus of foods)

   • Salivary glands - saliva (Enzyme Amylase)

     2. Pharynx - passage to esophagus

        • Esophagus

        • Propels to lower stomach

        • Lower esophageal sphincter

     3. Stomach

     • Reservoir

     • Digestion (pylorus)

     • Pyloric sphincter (chyme)

   • Types of Digestion

   • Mechanical

   • Chemical

     1. Alimentary tubes

        • Oral cavity

        • Pharynx

        • Esophagus

        • Stomach

        • Small and large intestine

     2. Accessory organs

        • Teeth

        • Tongue

        • Salivary glands

        • Liver

        • Gallbladder

        • Pancreas

     3. End products of digestion

        • Carbohydrates

        • Proteins

        • Fats

        • Vitamins, minerals, and water

     4. Liver - Produces bile

     5. Gallbladder - Stores bile

     6. Pancreas - Releases digestive enzymes

     7. Small intestine

        • Digestion

        • Absorption of nutrients

     8. Large intestine

        • Absorption of water, minerals, and vitamins (cont)

     9. Rectum - stores waste (temporarily)

     10. Anus - waste exit (feces)

(im lazy)